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Diabetes, Vol 40, Issue 2 280-289, Copyright © 1991 by American Diabetes Association
Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats. Relationship to muscle triglyceride and omega-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipid
LH Storlien, AB Jenkins, DJ Chisholm, WS Pascoe, S Khouri and EW Kraegen
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
High levels of some but not all dietary fats lead to insulin resistance in
rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the important determinants
underlying this observation. Insulin action was assessed with the
euglycemic clamp. Diets high in saturated, monounsaturated (omega-9), or
polyunsaturated (omega-6) fatty acids led to severe insulin resistance;
glucose infusion rates [GIR] to maintain euglycemia at approximately 1000
pM insulin were 6.2 +/- 0.9, 8.9 +/- 0.9, and 9.7 +/- 0.4 mg.kg-1. min-1,
respectively, versus 16.1 +/- 1.0 mg.kg-1.min-1 in chow-fed controls.
Substituting 11% of fatty acids in the polyunsaturated fat diet with
long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils normalized insulin action
(GIR 15.0 +/- 1.3 mg.kg-1.min-1). Similar replacement with short-chain
omega-3 (alpha-linolenic acid, 18:3 omega 3) was ineffective in the
polyunsaturated diet (GIR 9.9 +/- 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1) but completely
prevented the insulin resistance induced by a saturated-fat diet (GIR 16.0
+/- 1.5 mg.kg-1.min-1) and did so in both the liver and peripheral tissues.
Insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle was inversely correlated with mean
muscle triglyceride accumulation (r = 0.95 and 0.86 for soleus and red
quadriceps, respectively; both P less than 0.01). Furthermore, percentage
of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid in phospholipid measured in red quadriceps
correlated highly with insulin action in that muscle (r = 0.97). We
conclude that 1) the particular fatty acids and the lipid environment in
which they are presented in high-fat diets determine insulin sensitivity in
rats; 2) impaired insulin action in skeletal muscle relates to triglyceride
accumulation, suggesting intracellular glucose-fatty acid cycle
involvement; and 3) long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in phospholipid of
skeletal muscle may be important for efficient insulin action.

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