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Diabetes, Vol 40, Issue 4 405-412, Copyright © 1991 by American Diabetes Association
Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes
JW Baynes
Department of Chemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208.
N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine, N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)hydroxylysine,
and the fluorescent cross-link pentosidine are formed by sequential
glycation and oxidation reactions between reducing sugars and proteins.
These compounds, termed glycoxidation products, accumulate in tissue
collagen with age and at an accelerated rate in diabetes. Although
glycoxidation products are present in only trace concentrations, even in
diabetic collagen, studies on glycation and oxidation of model proteins in
vitro suggest that these products are biomarkers of more extensive
underlying glycative and oxidative damage to the protein. Possible sources
of oxidative stress and damage to proteins in diabetes include free
radicals generated by autoxidation reactions of sugars and sugar adducts to
protein and by autoxidation of unsaturated lipids in plasma and membrane
proteins. The oxidative stress may be amplified by a continuing cycle of
metabolic stress, tissue damage, and cell death, leading to increased free
radical production and compromised free radical inhibitory and scavenger
systems, which further exacerbate the oxidative stress. Structural
characterization of the cross-links and other products accumulating in
collagen in diabetes is needed to gain a better understanding of the
relationship between oxidative stress and the development of complications
in diabetes. Such studies may lead to therapeutic approaches for limiting
the damage from glycation and oxidation reactions and for complementing
existing therapy for treatment of the complications of diabetes.

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