Diabetes
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Meigs, J. B.
Right arrow Articles by Singer, D. E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Meigs, J. B.
Right arrow Articles by Singer, D. E.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

Diabetes, Vol 46, Issue 10 1594-1600, Copyright © 1997 by American Diabetes Association

ARTICLES

Risk variable clustering in the insulin resistance syndrome. The Framingham Offspring Study

JB Meigs, RB D'Agostino, PW Wilson, LA Cupples, DM Nathan and DE Singer
General Internal Medicine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA. jmeigs@sol.mgh.harvard.edu

Insulin resistance has been hypothesized to unify the clustering of hypertension, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, increased levels of triglyceride and decreased HDL cholesterol, and central and overall obesity. We tested this hypothesis with factor analysis, a statistical technique that should identify one factor if a single process underlies the clustering of these risk variables. From 2,458 nondiabetic subjects of the Framingham Offspring Study, we collected clinical data, fasting and 2-h postchallenge glucose and insulin levels, and fasting lipid levels. We performed factor analyses separately for men and women in the entire population and among subgroups with features of the insulin resistance syndrome. Subjects ranged in age from 26 to 82 years (mean age 54); 53% were women, 13.4% had impaired glucose tolerance, 27.6% had hypertension, 40% were obese, and 11.6% were hyperinsulinemic, defined by elevated fasting insulin levels. Underlying the clustering of these risk variables were three factors. Fasting and 2-h postchallenge insulin levels, fasting triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio were associated with one factor. Fasting and 2-h levels of glucose and insulin were associated with a second factor. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and BMI were associated with a third factor. Results were similar for men and women and for all subgroups. These results were consistent with more than one independent physiological process underlying risk variable clustering: a central metabolic syndrome (characterized by hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity), glucose intolerance, and hypertension. Glucose intolerance and hypertension were linked to the central syndrome through shared correlations with insulin levels and obesity. Insulin resistance (reflected by hyperinsulinemia) alone did not appear to underlie all features of the insulin resistance syndrome.
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
Z. T. Bloomgarden
American College of Endocrinology Pre-Diabetes Consensus Conference: Part Three
Diabetes Care, December 1, 2008; 31(12): 2404 - 2409.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Pediatr PsycholHome page
M. L. Cugnetto, P. G. Saab, M. M. Llabre, R. Goldberg, J. R. McCalla, and N. Schneiderman
Lifestyle Factors, Body Mass Index, and Lipid Profile in Adolescents
J. Pediatr. Psychol., August 1, 2008; 33(7): 761 - 771.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Public HealthHome page
R. G. Ramos and K. Olden
The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among US Women of Childbearing Age
Am J Public Health, June 1, 2008; 98(6): 1122 - 1127.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Heart J SupplHome page
P. W.F. Wilson and J. B. Meigs
Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease: a pivotal role for metabolic factors
Eur. Heart J. Suppl., March 1, 2008; 10(suppl_B): B11 - B15.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
E. Giovannucci
Metabolic syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, and colon cancer: a review
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2007; 86(3): 836S - 842S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. Ferrannini, B. Balkau, S. W. Coppack, J. M. Dekker, A. Mari, J. Nolan, M. Walker, A. Natali, H. Beck-Nielsen, and the RISC Investigators
Insulin Resistance, Insulin Response, and Obesity as Indicators of Metabolic Risk
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2007; 92(8): 2885 - 2892.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
E. Goodman, S. R. Daniels, J. B. Meigs, and L. M. Dolan
Instability in the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents
Circulation, May 1, 2007; 115(17): 2316 - 2322.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
R. S. Beaser and P. Levy
A Work in Progress, but a Useful Construct
Circulation, April 3, 2007; 115(13): 1812 - 1818.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
T. J. Wang, M. G. Larson, M. J. Keyes, D. Levy, E. J. Benjamin, and R. S. Vasan
Association of Plasma Natriuretic Peptide Levels With Metabolic Risk Factors in Ambulatory Individuals
Circulation, March 20, 2007; 115(11): 1345 - 1353.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
A. K. Ventura, E. Loken, and L. L. Birch
Risk Profiles for Metabolic Syndrome in a Nonclinical Sample of Adolescent Girls
Pediatrics, December 1, 2006; 118(6): 2434 - 2442.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JRSMHome page
N. Unwin
The metabolic syndrome
J R Soc Med, September 1, 2006; 99(9): 457 - 462.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
B. E Millen, M. J Pencina, R. W Kimokoti, L. Zhu, J. B Meigs, J. M Ordovas, and R. B D'Agostino
Nutritional risk and the metabolic syndrome in women: opportunities for preventive intervention from the Framingham Nutrition Study.
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2006; 84(2): 434 - 441.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. DiabetesHome page
M. Blaha and T. A. Elasy
Clinical Use of the Metabolic Syndrome: Why the Confusion?
Clin. Diabetes, July 1, 2006; 24(3): 125 - 131.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 QJMHome page
P.A. Sarafidis and G.L. Bakris
Antihypertensive treatment with beta-blockers and the spectrum of glycaemic control
QJM, July 1, 2006; 99(7): 431 - 436.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
P. W.F. Wilson
Adiposity in Youth and Blood Pressure
Hypertension, July 1, 2006; 48(1): 21 - 22.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
C. Lorenzo, M. Serrano-Rios, M. T. Martinez-Larrad, J. L. Gonzalez-Sanchez, S. Seclen, A. Villena, C. Gonzalez-Villalpando, K. Williams, and S. M. Haffner
Geographic Variations of the International Diabetes Federation and the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome in Nondiabetic Subjects.
Diabetes Care, March 1, 2006; 29(3): 685 - 691.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
M. E. Zanolin, F. Tosi, G. Zoppini, R. Castello, G. Spiazzi, R. Dorizzi, M. Muggeo, and P. Moghetti
Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated With the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: Assessment by principal component analysis in young hyperandrogenic women
Diabetes Care, February 1, 2006; 29(2): 372 - 378.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NEJMHome page
J.-P. Despres, A. Golay, L. Sjostrom, and the Rimonabant in Obesity-Lipids Study Group
Effects of Rimonabant on Metabolic Risk Factors in Overweight Patients with Dyslipidemia
N. Engl. J. Med., November 17, 2005; 353(20): 2121 - 2134.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
R. Kahn, J. Buse, E. Ferrannini, and M. Stern
The Metabolic Syndrome: Time for a Critical Appraisal: Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes
Diabetes Care, September 1, 2005; 28(9): 2289 - 2304.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
C. J. Girman, J. M. Dekker, T. Rhodes, G. Nijpels, C. D. A. Stehouwer, L. M. Bouter, and R. J. Heine
An Exploratory Analysis of Criteria for the Metabolic Syndrome and Its Prediction of Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes: The Hoorn Study
Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2005; 162(5): 438 - 447.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
A. J. G. Hanley, J. B. Meigs, K. Williams, S. M. Haffner, and R. B. D'Agostino Sr.
Re: "(Mis)use of Factor Analysis in the Study of Insulin Resistance Syndrome"
Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2005; 161(12): 1182 - 1184.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 StrokeHome page
B. Iglseder, P. Cip, L. Malaimare, G. Ladurner, and B. Paulweber
The Metabolic Syndrome Is a Stronger Risk Factor for Early Carotid Atherosclerosis in Women Than in Men
Stroke, June 1, 2005; 36(6): 1212 - 1217.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Intern MedHome page
M. Zeller, P. G. Steg, J. Ravisy, Y. Laurent, L. Janin-Manificat, I. L'Huillier, J.-C. Beer, A. Oudot, G. Rioufol, H. Makki, et al.
Prevalence and Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Hospital Outcomes in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Arch Intern Med, May 23, 2005; 165(10): 1192 - 1198.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
E. Goodman, L. M. Dolan, J. A. Morrison, and S. R. Daniels
Factor Analysis of Clustered Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescence: Obesity Is the Predominant Correlate of Risk Among Youth
Circulation, April 19, 2005; 111(15): 1970 - 1977.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
A. Scuteri, S. S. Najjar, C. H. Morrell, and E. G. Lakatta
The Metabolic Syndrome in Older Individuals: Prevalence and Prediction of Cardiovascular Events: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Diabetes Care, April 1, 2005; 28(4): 882 - 887.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
U. Salmenniemi, E. Ruotsalainen, J. Pihlajamaki, I. Vauhkonen, S. Kainulainen, K. Punnonen, E. Vanninen, and M. Laakso
Multiple Abnormalities in Glucose and Energy Metabolism and Coordinated Changes in Levels of Adiponectin, Cytokines, and Adhesion Molecules in Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome
Circulation, December 21, 2004; 110(25): 3842 - 3848.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
M. S. Freiberg, H. J. Cabral, T. C. Heeren, R. S. Vasan, and R. Curtis Ellison
Alcohol Consumption and the Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the U.S.: A cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Diabetes Care, December 1, 2004; 27(12): 2954 - 2959.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
B. E. Wisse
The Inflammatory Syndrome: The Role of Adipose Tissue Cytokines in Metabolic Disorders Linked to Obesity
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2004; 15(11): 2792 - 2800.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
S. Yoo, T. Nicklas, T. Baranowski, I. F Zakeri, S.-J. Yang, S. R Srinivasan, and G. S Berenson
Comparison of dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2004; 80(4): 841 - 848.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
J.-j. Wang, Q. Qiao, M. E. Miettinen, J. Lappalainen, G. Hu, and J. Tuomilehto
The Metabolic Syndrome Defined by Factor Analysis and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in a Chinese Population With High Postprandial Glucose
Diabetes Care, October 1, 2004; 27(10): 2429 - 2437.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
J.-Y. Oh, Y. S. Hong, Y.-A. Sung, and E. Barrett-Connor
Prevalence and Factor Analysis of Metabolic Syndrome in an Urban Korean Population
Diabetes Care, August 1, 2004; 27(8): 2027 - 2032.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
A. J.G. Hanley, A. Festa, R. B. D'Agostino, L. E. Wagenknecht, P. J. Savage, R. P. Tracy, M. F. Saad, and S. M. Haffner
Metabolic and Inflammation Variable Clusters and Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes: Factor Analysis Using Directly Measured Insulin Sensitivity
Diabetes, July 1, 2004; 53(7): 1773 - 1781.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. A. Bray
Medical Consequences of Obesity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 2583 - 2589.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
D. A. Lawlor, S. Ebrahim, M. May, and G. Davey Smith
(Mis)use of Factor Analysis in the Study of Insulin Resistance Syndrome
Am. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2004; 159(11): 1013 - 1018.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
A. Scuteri, S. S. Najjar, D. C. Muller, R. Andres, H. Hougaku, E. J. Metter, and E. G. Lakatta
Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age-associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 21, 2004; 43(8): 1388 - 1395.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. DiabetesHome page
Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classificati
Follow-up Report on the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Clin. Diabetes, April 1, 2004; 22(2): 71 - 79.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
M. A. Austin, K. L. Edwards, M. J. McNeely, W. L. Chandler, D. L. Leonetti, P. J. Talmud, S. E. Humphries, and W. Y. Fujimoto
Heritability of Multivariate Factors of the Metabolic Syndrome in Nondiabetic Japanese Americans
Diabetes, April 1, 2004; 53(4): 1166 - 1169.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Vasc MedHome page
D. Prabhakaran and S. S Anand
The metabolic syndrome: an emerging risk state for cardiovascular disease
Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2004; 9(1): 55 - 68.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes Spectr.Home page
Follow-up Report on the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Spectr, January 1, 2004; 17(1): 51 - 59.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
A. J.G. Hanley, P. W. Connelly, S. B. Harris, and B. Zinman
Adiponectin in a Native Canadian Population Experiencing Rapid Epidemiological Transition
Diabetes Care, December 1, 2003; 26(12): 3219 - 3225.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classifi
Follow-up Report on the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Care, November 1, 2003; 26(11): 3160 - 3167.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
A. J.G. Hanley, L. E. Wagenknecht, R. B. D'Agostino Jr., B. Zinman, and S. M. Haffner
Identification of Subjects with Insulin Resistance and {beta}-Cell Dysfunction Using Alternative Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome
Diabetes, November 1, 2003; 52(11): 2740 - 2747.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
W. Tang, M. B. Miller, S. S. Rich, K. E. North, J. S. Pankow, I. B. Borecki, R. H. Myers, P. N. Hopkins, M. Leppert, and D. K. Arnett
Linkage Analysis of a Composite Factor for the Multiple Metabolic Syndrome: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study
Diabetes, November 1, 2003; 52(11): 2840 - 2847.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
S. Haffner and H. Taegtmeyer
Epidemic Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Circulation, September 30, 2003; 108(13): 1541 - 1545.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
J. B. Meigs, P. W.F. Wilson, D. M. Nathan, R. B. D'Agostino Sr., K. Williams, and S. M. Haffner
Prevalence and Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies
Diabetes, August 1, 2003; 52(8): 2160 - 2167.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
S. H. Saydah, E. A. Platz, N. Rifai, M. N. Pollak, F. L. Brancati, and K. J. Helzlsouer
Association of Markers of Insulin and Glucose Control with Subsequent Colorectal Cancer Risk
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2003; 12(5): 412 - 418.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Psychosom. Med.Home page
J. M. McCaffery, R. Niaura, J. F. Todaro, G. E. Swan, and D. Carmelli
Depressive Symptoms and Metabolic Risk in Adult Male Twins Enrolled in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study
Psychosom Med, May 1, 2003; 65(3): 490 - 497.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
C. M. Alexander, P. B. Landsman, S. M. Teutsch, and S. M. Haffner
NCEP-Defined Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease Among NHANES III Participants Age 50 Years and Older
Diabetes, May 1, 2003; 52(5): 1210 - 1214.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
B.-J. Shen, J. F. Todaro, R. Niaura, J. M. McCaffery, J. Zhang, A. Spiro III, and K. D. Ward
Are Metabolic Risk Factors One Unified Syndrome? Modeling the Structure of the Metabolic Syndrome X
Am. J. Epidemiol., April 15, 2003; 157(8): 701 - 711.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
E. Bonora, S. Kiechl, J. Willeit, F. Oberhollenzer, G. Egger, R. C. Bonadonna, and M. Muggeo
Carotid Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease in the Metabolic Syndrome: Prospective data from the Bruneck Study
Diabetes Care, April 1, 2003; 26(4): 1251 - 1257.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
Z. T. Bloomgarden
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Consensus Conference on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: 25-26 August 2002, Washington, DC
Diabetes Care, April 1, 2003; 26(4): 1297 - 1303.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
Z. T. Bloomgarden
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Consensus Conference on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: 25-26 August 2002, Washington, DC
Diabetes Care, March 1, 2003; 26(3): 933 - 939.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
References
Circulation, December 17, 2002; 106(25): 3373 - 3421.
[Full Text]

Home page
 JAMAHome page
H.-M. Lakka, D. E. Laaksonen, T. A. Lakka, L. K. Niskanen, E. Kumpusalo, J. Tuomilehto, and J. T. Salonen
The Metabolic Syndrome and Total and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Middle-aged Men
JAMA, December 4, 2002; 288(21): 2709 - 2716.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
S. S Elliott, N. L Keim, J. S Stern, K. Teff, and P. J Havel
Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2002; 76(5): 911 - 922.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
S. H. Golden, A. R. Folsom, J. Coresh, A. R. Sharrett, M. Szklo, and F. Brancati
Risk Factor Groupings Related to Insulin Resistance and Their Synergistic Effects on Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Diabetes, October 1, 2002; 51(10): 3069 - 3076.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
R. L. Hanson, G. Imperatore, P. H. Bennett, and W. C. Knowler
Components of the "Metabolic Syndrome" and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes, October 1, 2002; 51(10): 3120 - 3127.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular DiseaseHome page
A.