Diabetes
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Schwartz, M. W.
Right arrow Articles by Baskin, D. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Schwartz, M. W.
Right arrow Articles by Baskin, D. G.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

Diabetes, Vol 46, Issue 12 2119-2123, Copyright © 1997 by American Diabetes Association

ARTICLES

Leptin increases hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression in the rostral arcuate nucleus

MW Schwartz, RJ Seeley, SC Woods, DS Weigle, LA Campfield, P Burn and DG Baskin
Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Pugent Sound VA Health Care System, Seattle 98108, USA. mschwart@u.washington.edu

Melanocortins are peptides, cleaved from the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor, that act in the brain to reduce food intake and are potential mediators of leptin action. In the forebrain, melanocortins are derived from POMC-containing neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. To test the hypothesis that these POMC neurons are regulated by leptin, we used in situ hybridization to determine whether reduced leptin signaling (as occurs in fasting), genetic leptin deficiency (in obese ob/ob mice), or genetic leptin resistance (in obese db/db mice) lower expression of POMC mRNA. We further hypothesized that leptin administration would raise hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels in leptin-deficient animals, but not in mice with defective leptin receptors. In wild-type mice (n = 12), fasting for 48 h lowered POMC mRNA levels in the rostral arcuate nucleus by 53%, relative to values in fed controls (n = 8; P < 0.001). Similarly, arcuate nucleus POMC mRNA levels were reduced by 46 and 70% in genetically obese ob/ob (n = 6) and db/db mice (n = 6), respectively, as compared with wild-type mice (n = 5) (P < 0.01 for both comparisons). Five daily intraperitoneal injections of recombinant murine leptin (150 microg) raised levels of POMC mRNA in the rostral arcuate nucleus of ob/ob mice (n = 8) by 73% over saline-treated ob/ob control values (n = 8; P < 0.01), but was without effect in db/db mice (n = 6). In normal rats, two injections of a low dose of leptin (3.5 microg) into the third cerebral ventricle (n = 15) during a 40-h period of fasting also increased POMC mRNA levels in the rostral arcuate nucleus to values 39% greater than those in vehicle-treated controls (n = 14; P = 0.02). We conclude that reduced central nervous system leptin signaling owing to fasting or to genetic defects in leptin or its receptor lower POMC mRNA levels in the rostral arcuate nucleus. The finding that leptin reverses this effect in ob/ob, but not db/db, mice suggests that leptin stimulates arcuate nucleus POMC gene expression via a pathway involving leptin receptors. These findings support the hypothesis that leptin signaling in the brain involves activation of the hypothalamic melanocortin system.
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
E. R. Ropelle, J. R. Pauli, K. G. Zecchin, M. Ueno, C. T. de Souza, J. Morari, M. C. Faria, L. A. Velloso, M. J. A. Saad, and J. B. C. Carvalheira
A Central Role for Neuronal Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase in Cancer-Induced Anorexia
Endocrinology, November 1, 2007; 148(11): 5220 - 5229.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
J. Ferezou-Viala, A.-F. Roy, C. Serougne, D. Gripois, M. Parquet, V. Bailleux, A. Gertler, B. Delplanque, J. Djiane, M. Riottot, et al.
Long-term consequences of maternal high-fat feeding on hypothalamic leptin sensitivity and diet-induced obesity in the offspring
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): R1056 - R1062.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
M. R. Hayes, C. K. Miller, J. S. Ulbrecht, J. L. Mauger, L. Parker-Klees, M. D. Gutschall, D. C. Mitchell, H. Smiciklas-Wright, and M. Covasa
A Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet Alters Gut Peptides and Adiposity Signals in Men and Women with Metabolic Syndrome
J. Nutr., August 1, 2007; 137(8): 1944 - 1950.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. Li, Y. Zhang, E. Rodrigues, D. Zheng, M. Matheny, K.-Y. Cheng, and P. J. Scarpace
Melanocortin activation of nucleus of the solitary tract avoids anorectic tachyphylaxis and induces prolonged weight loss
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2007; 293(1): E252 - E258.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
L. Huo, L. Maeng, C. Bjorbaek, and H. J. Grill
Leptin and the Control of Food Intake: Neurons in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract Are Activated by Both Gastric Distension and Leptin
Endocrinology, May 1, 2007; 148(5): 2189 - 2197.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
J. N. Gorski, A. A. Dunn-Meynell, and B. E. Levin
Maternal obesity increases hypothalamic leptin receptor expression and sensitivity in juvenile obesity-prone rats
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2007; 292(5): R1782 - R1791.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
H. Shimizu, K. Inoue, and M. Mori
The leptin-dependent and -independent melanocortin signaling system: regulation of feeding and energy expenditure
J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2007; 193(1): 1 - 9.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. J. Jurczak, A. M. Danos, V. R. Rehrmann, M. B. Allison, C. C. Greenberg, and M. J. Brady
Transgenic overexpression of protein targeting to glycogen markedly increases adipocytic glycogen storage in mice
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2007; 292(3): E952 - E963.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
A. W. Xu, L. Ste-Marie, C. B. Kaelin, and G. S. Barsh
Inactivation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) Neurons Causes Decreased Pomc Expression, Mild Obesity, and Defects in Compensatory Refeeding
Endocrinology, January 1, 2007; 148(1): 72 - 80.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
H. Hashimoto, Y. Azuma, M. Kawasaki, H. Fujihara, E. Onuma, H. Yamada-Okabe, Y. Takuwa, E. Ogata, and Y. Ueta
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Induces Cachectic Syndromes without Directly Modulating the Expression of Hypothalamic Feeding-Regulating Peptides
Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2007; 13(1): 292 - 298.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
R. D. Cone
Studies on the Physiological Functions of the Melanocortin System
Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2006; 27(7): 736 - 749.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
C. B. Kaelin, L. Gong, A. W. Xu, F. Yao, K. Hockman, G. J. Morton, M. W. Schwartz, G. S. Barsh, and R. G. MacKenzie
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat) Binding Sites But Not Stat3 Are Required for Fasting-Induced Transcription of Agouti-Related Protein Messenger Ribonucleic Acid
Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2006; 20(10): 2591 - 2602.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
B. M. Kublaoui, J. L. Holder Jr., T. Gemelli, and A. R. Zinn
Sim1 Haploinsufficiency Impairs Melanocortin-Mediated Anorexia and Activation of Paraventricular Nucleus Neurons
Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2006; 20(10): 2483 - 2492.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. Dong, T. L. Peeters, B. De Smet, D. Moechars, C. Delporte, P. Vanden Berghe, B. Coulie, M. Tang, and I. Depoortere
Role of Endogenous Ghrelin in the Hyperphagia of Mice with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes
Endocrinology, June 1, 2006; 147(6): 2634 - 2642.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
L. Huo, H. J. Grill, and C. Bjorbaek
Divergent Regulation of Proopiomelanocortin Neurons by Leptin in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract and in the Arcuate Hypothalamic Nucleus
Diabetes, March 1, 2006; 55(3): 567 - 573.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Physiol. Rev.Home page
S. Stanley, K. Wynne, B. McGowan, and S. Bloom
Hormonal Regulation of Food Intake
Physiol Rev, October 1, 2005; 85(4): 1131 - 1158.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. L. Trevaskis and A. A. Butler
Double Leptin and Melanocortin-4 Receptor Gene Mutations Have an Additive Effect on Fat Mass and Are Associated with Reduced Effects of Leptin on Weight Loss and Food Intake
Endocrinology, October 1, 2005; 146(10): 4257 - 4265.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
B. E. Levin, C. Magnan, S. Migrenne, S. C. Chua Jr., and A. A. Dunn-Meynell
F-DIO obesity-prone rat is insulin resistant before obesity onset
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): R704 - R711.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
P. J. Currie, A. Mirza, R. Fuld, D. Park, and J. R. Vasselli
Ghrelin is an orexigenic and metabolic signaling peptide in the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): R353 - R358.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
W. A. Blom, A. Stafleu, C. de Graaf, F. J Kok, G. Schaafsma, and H. F. Hendriks
Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to insulin
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2005; 81(2): 367 - 375.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
K. Wynne, S. Stanley, B. McGowan, and S. Bloom
Appetite control
J. Endocrinol., February 1, 2005; 184(2): 291 - 318.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Gavrila, J. L. Chan, L. C. Miller, K. Heist, N. Yiannakouris, and C. S. Mantzoros
Circulating Melanin-Concentrating Hormone, Agouti-Related Protein, and {alpha}-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Levels in Relation to Body Composition: Alterations in Response to Food Deprivation and Recombinant Human Leptin Administration
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2005; 90(2): 1047 - 1054.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ScienceHome page
M. W. Schwartz and D. Porte Jr.
Diabetes, Obesity, and the Brain
Science, January 21, 2005; 307(5708): 375 - 379.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
B. E. Levin
The drive to regain is mainly in the brain
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): R1297 - R1300.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C. B. Kaelin, A. W. Xu, X.-Y. Lu, and G. S. Barsh
Transcriptional Regulation of Agouti-Related Protein (Agrp) in Transgenic Mice
Endocrinology, December 1, 2004; 145(12): 5798 - 5806.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
P. Cohen and J. M. Friedman
Leptin and the Control of Metabolism: Role for Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 (SCD-1)
J. Nutr., September 1, 2004; 134(9): 2455S - 2463S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
L. Guo, H. Munzberg, R. C. Stuart, E. A. Nillni, and C. Bjorbaek
N-acetylation of hypothalamic {alpha}-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and regulation by leptin
PNAS, August 10, 2004; 101(32): 11797 - 11802.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
J. R. Speakman
Obesity: The Integrated Roles of Environment and Genetics
J. Nutr., August 1, 2004; 134(8): 2090S - 2105S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
F. Guo, K. Bakal, Y. Minokoshi, and A. N. Hollenberg
Leptin Signaling Targets the Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Promoter in Vivo
Endocrinology, May 1, 2004; 145(5): 2221 - 2227.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ScienceHome page
S. Pinto, A. G. Roseberry, H. Liu, S. Diano, M. Shanabrough, X. Cai, J. M. Friedman, and T. L. Horvath
Rapid Rewiring of Arcuate Nucleus Feeding Circuits by Leptin
Science, April 2, 2004; 304(5667): 110 - 115.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
E. Jing, E. A. Nillni, V. C. Sanchez, R. C. Stuart, and D. J. Good
Deletion of the Nhlh2 Transcription Factor Decreases the Levels of the Anorexigenic Peptides {alpha} Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Implicates Prohormone Convertases I and II in Obesity
Endocrinology, April 1, 2004; 145(4): 1503 - 1513.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
B. G. Challis, A. P. Coll, G. S. H. Yeo, S. B. Pinnock, S. L. Dickson, R. R. Thresher, J. Dixon, D. Zahn, J. J. Rochford, A. White, et al.
Mice lacking pro-opiomelanocortin are sensitive to high-fat feeding but respond normally to the acute anorectic effects of peptide-YY3-36
PNAS, March 30, 2004; 101(13): 4695 - 4700.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Pharmacol. Rev.Home page
A. Catania, S. Gatti, G. Colombo, and J. M. Lipton
Targeting Melanocortin Receptors as a Novel Strategy to Control Inflammation
Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2004; 56(1): 1 - 29.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
F. Maekawa, H.-M. A. Quah, K. Tanaka, and H. Ohki-Hamazaki
Leptin Resistance and Enhancement of Feeding Facilitation by Melanin-Concentrating Hormone in Mice Lacking Bombesin Receptor Subtype-3
Diabetes, March 1, 2004; 53(3): 570 - 576.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. De Marinis, A. Bianchi, A. Mancini, R. Gentilella, M. Perrelli, A. Giampietro, T. Porcelli, L. Tilaro, A. Fusco, D. Valle, et al.
Growth Hormone Secretion and Leptin in Morbid Obesity before and after Biliopancreatic Diversion: Relationships with Insulin and Body Composition
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2004; 89(1): 174 - 180.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Recent Prog Horm ResHome page
S. C. Benoit, D. J. Clegg, R. J. Seeley, and S. C. Woods
Insulin and Leptin as Adiposity Signals
Recent Prog. Horm. Res., January 1, 2004; 59(1): 267 - 285.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Recent Prog Horm ResHome page
C. Bjorbaek and B. B. Kahn
Leptin Signaling in the Central Nervous System and the Periphery
Recent Prog. Horm. Res., January 1, 2004; 59(1): 305 - 331.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
K. A. Takahashi, J. L. Smart, H. Liu, and R. D. Cone
The Anorexigenic Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitor, C75, Is a Nonspecific Neuronal Activator
Endocrinology, January 1, 2004; 145(1): 184 - 193.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
P. D. Raposinho, T. Pedrazzini, R. B. White, R. D. Palmiter, and M. L. Aubert
Chronic Neuropeptide Y Infusion into the Lateral Ventricle Induces Sustained Feeding and Obesity in Mice Lacking Either Npy1r or Npy5r Expression
Endocrinology, January 1, 2004; 145(1): 304 - 310.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
E. Itateyama, S. Chiba, T. Sakata, and H. Yoshimatsu
Hypothalamic Neuronal Histamine in Genetically Obese Animals: Its Implication of Leptin Action in the Brain
Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2003; 228(10): 1132 - 1137.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
C. Plut, C. Ribiere, Y. Giudicelli, and J.-P. Dausse
Hypothalamic Leptin Receptor and Signaling Molecule Expressions in Cafeteria Diet-Fed Rats
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 2003; 307(2): 544 - 549.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
T. M. Mizuno, K. A. Kelley, G. M. Pasinetti, J. L. Roberts, and C. V. Mobbs
Transgenic Neuronal Expression of Proopiomelanocortin Attenuates Hyperphagic Response to Fasting and Reverses Metabolic Impairments in Leptin-Deficient Obese Mice
Diabetes, November 1, 2003; 52(11): 2675 - 2683.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. M. Zigman and J. K. Elmquist
Minireview: From Anorexia to Obesity--The Yin and Yang of Body Weight Control
Endocrinology, September 1, 2003; 144(9): 3749 - 3756.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
H. Liu, T. Kishi, A. G. Roseberry, X. Cai, C. E. Lee, J. M. Montez, J. M. Friedman, and J. K. Elmquist
Transgenic Mice Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein under the Control of the Melanocortin-4 Receptor Promoter
J. Neurosci., August 6, 2003; 23(18): 7143 - 7154.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
G. Li, C. V. Mobbs, and P. J. Scarpace
Central Pro-opiomelanocortin Gene Delivery Results in Hypophagia, Reduced Visceral Adiposity, and Improved Insulin Sensitivity in Genetically Obese Zucker Rats
Diabetes, August 1, 2003; 52(8): 1951 - 1957.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. Masaki, G. Yoshimichi, S. Chiba, T. Yasuda, H. Noguchi, T. Kakuma, T. Sakata, and H. Yoshimatsu
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Mediated Pathway of Leptin to Regulate Feeding, Adiposity, and Uncoupling Protein Expression in Mice
Endocrinology, August 1, 2003; 144(8): 3547 - 3554.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
K. Rahmouni, W. G. Haynes, D. A. Morgan, and A. L. Mark
Role of Melanocortin-4 Receptors in Mediating Renal Sympathoactivation to Leptin and Insulin
J. Neurosci., July 9, 2003; 23(14): 5998 - 6004.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
D. J. Clegg, S. C. Benoit, E. L. Air, A. Jackman, P. Tso, D. D'Alessio, S. C. Woods, and R. J. Seeley
Increased Dietary Fat Attenuates the Anorexic Effects of Intracerebroventricular Injections of MTII
Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 2941 - 2946.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
S. Kumano, H. Matsumoto, Y. Takatsu, J. Noguchi, C. Kitada, and T. Ohtaki
Changes in Hypothalamic Expression Levels of Galanin-Like Peptide in Rat and Mouse Models Support That It Is a Leptin-Target Peptide
Endocrinology, June 1, 2003; 144(6): 2634 - 2643.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. Masaki, S. Chiba, G. Yoshimichi, T. Yasuda, H. Noguchi, T. Kakuma, T. Sakata, and H. Yoshimatsu
Neuronal Histamine Regulates Food Intake, Adiposity, and Uncoupling Protein Expression in Agouti Yellow (Ay/a) Obese Mice
Endocrinology, June 1, 2003; 144(6): 2741 - 2748.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
G. J. Morton, K. D. Niswender, C. J. Rhodes, M. G. Myers Jr., J. E. Blevins, D. G. Baskin, and M. W. Schwartz
Arcuate Nucleus-Specific Leptin Receptor Gene Therapy Attenuates the Obesity Phenotype of Koletsky (fak/fak) Rats
Endocrinology, May 1, 2003; 144(5): 2016 - 2024.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
H. Munzberg, L. Huo, E. A. Nillni, A. N. Hollenberg, and C. Bjorbaek
Role of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Regulation of Hypothalamic Proopiomelanocortin Gene Expression by Leptin
Endocrinology, May 1, 2003; 144(5): 2121 - 2131.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
D. J. Clegg, C. A. Riedy, K. A. B. Smith, S. C. Benoit, and S. C. Woods
Differential Sensitivity to Central Leptin and Insulin in Male and Female Rats
Diabetes, March 1, 2003; 52(3): 682 - 687.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
M. W. Schwartz, S. C. Woods, R. J. Seeley, G. S. Barsh, D. G. Baskin, and R. L. Leibel
Is the Energy Homeostasis System Inherently Biased Toward Weight Gain?
Diabetes, February 1, 2003; 52(2): 232 - 238.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
K. D. Niswender, C. D. Morrison, D. J. Clegg, R. Olson, D. G. Baskin, M. G. Myers Jr., R. J. Seeley, and M. W. Schwartz
Insulin Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus: A Key Mediator of Insulin-Induced Anorexia
Diabetes, February 1, 2003; 52(2): 227 - 231.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
K. Proulx, D. Richard, and C.-D. Walker
Leptin Regulates Appetite-Related Neuropeptides in the Hypothalamus of Developing Rats without Affecting Food Intake
Endocrinology, December 1, 2002; 143(12): 4683 - 4692.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page