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Diabetes, Vol 46, Issue 2 169-178, Copyright © 1997 by American Diabetes Association
Alterations in the expression and cellular localization of protein kinase C isozymes epsilon and theta are associated with insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of the high-fat-fed rat
C Schmitz-Peiffer, CL Browne, ND Oakes, A Watkinson, DJ Chisholm, EW Kraegen and TJ Biden
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. c.schmitz-peiffer@garvan.unsw.edu.au
We have tested the hypothesis that changes in the levels and cellular
location of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes might be associated with the
development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscles from the high-fat-fed
rat. Lipid measurements showed that triglyceride and diacylglycerol, an
activator of PKC, were elevated four- and twofold, respectively. PKC
activity assays indicated that the proportion of membrane-associated
calcium-independent PKC was also increased. As determined by
immunoblotting, total (particulate plus cytosolic) PKC alpha, epsilon, and
zeta levels were not different between control and fat-fed rats. However,
the ratio of particulate to cytosolic PKC epsilon in red muscles from
fat-fed rats was increased nearly sixfold, suggesting chronic activation.
In contrast, the amount of cytosolic PKC theta was downregulated to 45% of
control, while the ratio of particulate to cytosolic levels increased,
suggesting a combination of chronic activation and downregulation.
Interestingly, while insulin infusion in glucose-clamped rats increased the
proportion of PKC theta in the particulate fraction of red muscle, this was
potentiated by fat-feeding, suggesting that the translocation is a
consequence of altered lipid flux rather than a proximal event in insulin
signaling. PKC epsilon and theta measurements from individual rats
correlated with triglyceride content of red gastrocnemius muscle; they did
not correlate with plasma glucose, which was not elevated in fat-fed rats,
suggesting that they were not simply a consequence of hyperglycemia. Our
results suggest that these specific alterations in PKC epsilon and PKC
theta might contribute to the link between increased lipid availability and
muscle insulin resistance previously described using high-fat-fed rats.

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