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Diabetes, Vol 48, Issue 10 1899-1906, Copyright © 1999 by American Diabetes Association
Vascular endothelial growth factor and diabetes: the agonist versus antagonist paradox
E Duh and LP Aiello
Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Much of the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes is primarily
attributable to sequelae of microvascular and macrovascular disease. Over
the past decade, dramatic progress has been achieved in elucidating the
fundamental processes underlying the pathogenesis of these complications.
Angiogenic factors in particular now appear to play a pivotal role in the
development of microvascular complications as well as the response to
macrovascular disease. Hyperglycemia, other growth factors, advanced
glycation end products, oxidative stress, and ischemia can increase growth
factor expression. In some microvascular tissues, the result is pathologic
neovascularization and increased vascular permeability. These responses
account for much of the visual loss associated with diabetic retinopathy
and may, in addition, serve a significant role in nephropathy and
neuropathy. In contrast, recent data suggest that vascular
collateralization resulting from ischemia-induced growth factor release in
tissues compromised by macrovascular disease may be important in reducing
clinical symptoms and tissue damage. This angiogenic response, which may be
beneficial in coronary artery and peripheral limb disease, appears to be
reduced in patients with diabetes. Thus, two apparently diametrically
opposed therapeutic paradigms are arising for the treatment of vascular
complications in diabetes. Indeed, growth factor antagonists have been used
successfully in diabetes-related animal models to block angiogenic and
permeability complications in the retina and kidney. Conversely, growth
factor agonists have been successfully used to stimulate collateral vessel
formation and reduce ischemic symptoms from macrovascular disease in the
coronary arteries and peripheral limbs. Both of these approaches are
currently being evaluated in clinical trials for their respective
indications. Thus, as these divergent therapeutic modalities begin to enter
the clinical arena, this apparent paradox necessitates careful
consideration of the potential risks, benefits, and interactions of the
opposing regimens. Using vascular endothelial growth factor as a classic
example of growth factor involvement, we discuss the current preclinical
and clinical data supporting these approaches and the implications arising
from the probable coexistence of these two therapeutic modalities.

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G B ARDEN
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Copyright © 1999 by the American Diabetes Association.
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