Diabetes, Vol 48, Issue 11 2197-2203, Copyright © 1999 by American Diabetes Association

ARTICLES

Metabolic characteristics of individuals with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance

C Weyer, C Bogardus and RE Pratley
Clinical Diabetes and Nutrition Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85016, USA. cweyer@phx.niddk.nih.gov

With the release of the new 1997 American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria, a new category was introduced, termed "impaired fasting glucose" (IFG). The metabolic abnormalities of individuals with IFG, compared with those with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (World Health Organization criteria), remain to be elucidated. We assessed insulin action (hyperinsulinemic clamp), insulin secretion (25-g intravenous glucose tolerance test), and endogenous glucose output (EGO) (3-(3)H-glucose) in 434 nondiabetic Pima Indians with either normal (NFG; <6.1 mmol/l) or impaired (IFG; 6.1-7.0 mmol/l) fasting glucose and with either normal (NGT; 2-h glucose <7.8 mmol/l) or impaired (IGT; 2-h glucose 7.8-11.1 mmol/l) glucose tolerance: NFG/NGT (n = 307), IFG/NGT (n = 11), NFG/IGT (n = 98), and IFG/IGT (n = 18). Compared with the NFG/NGT group, individuals with IFG/NGT had lower maximal insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (M; -20%, P < 0.01), a lower acute insulin response (AIR) to intravenous glucose (-33%, P < 0.05), and higher EGO (8%, P = 0.055). Individuals with NFG/IGT also had lower M (-21%, P < 0.001) and lower AIR (-8%, P < 0.05), but normal EGO (-1%, NS). Individuals with IFG/IGT showed the most severe abnormalities in M (-27%), AIR (-51%), and EGO (+13%) (all P < 0.001 compared with NFG/NGT). These group differences could be explained by the observation that AIR and EGO, but not M, were more strongly related to the fasting than to the 2-h glucose concentration. Thus, Pima Indians with isolated IFG and isolated IGT show similar impairments in insulin action, but those with isolated IFG have a more pronounced defect in early insulin secretion and, in addition, increased EGO. More severe metabolic abnormalities are present in Pima Indians with combined IFG and IGT.
CiteULike    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Valdes, P. Botas, E. Delgado, F. Alvarez, and F. D. Cadorniga Population-Based Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Northern Spain: The Asturias Study Diabetes Care, September 1, 2007; 30(9): 2258 - 2263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Bock, E. Chittilapilly, R. Basu, G. Toffolo, C. Cobelli, V. Chandramouli, B. R. Landau, and R. A. Rizza Contribution of Hepatic and Extrahepatic Insulin Resistance to the Pathogenesis of Impaired Fasting Glucose: Role of Increased Rates of Gluconeogenesis Diabetes, June 1, 2007; 56(6): 1703 - 1711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. Kim, M. Ellmerer, E. L. Kirkman, and R. N. Bergman beta-Cell "rest" accompanies reduced first-pass hepatic insulin extraction in the insulin-resistant, fat-fed canine model Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2007; 292(6): E1581 - E1589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Bock, C. Dalla Man, M. Campioni, E. Chittilapilly, R. Basu, G. Toffolo, C. Cobelli, and R. Rizza Effects of Nonglucose Nutrients on Insulin Secretion and Action in People With Pre-Diabetes Diabetes, April 1, 2007; 56(4): 1113 - 1119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Navarro-Tableros, T. Fiordelisio, A. Hernandez-Cruz, and M. Hiriart Physiological development of insulin secretion, calcium channels, and GLUT2 expression of pancreatic rat beta-cells Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, April 1, 2007; 292(4): E1018 - E1029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Ahren Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity in Relation to Fasting Glucose in Healthy Subjects Diabetes Care, March 1, 2007; 30(3): 644 - 648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Nathan, M. B. Davidson, R. A. DeFronzo, R. J. Heine, R. R. Henry, R. Pratley, and B. Zinman Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Implications for care Diabetes Care, March 1, 2007; 30(3): 753 - 759. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S. Pankow, D. K. Kwan, B. B. Duncan, M. I. Schmidt, D. J. Couper, S. Golden, and C. M. Ballantyne Cardiometabolic Risk in Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Diabetes Care, February 1, 2007; 30(2): 325 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. E. van Genugten, K. M. Utzschneider, J. Tong, F. Gerchman, S. Zraika, J. Udayasankar, E. J. Boyko, W. Y. Fujimoto, S. E. Kahn, and and the American Diabetes Association GENNID Study Effects of Sex and Hormone Replacement Therapy Use on the Prevalence of Isolated Impaired Fasting Glucose and Isolated Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Subjects With a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(12): 3529 - 3535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Bock, C. Dalla Man, M. Campioni, E. Chittilapilly, R. Basu, G. Toffolo, C. Cobelli, and R. Rizza Pathogenesis of Pre-Diabetes: Mechanisms of Fasting and Postprandial Hyperglycemia in People With Impaired Fasting Glucose and/or Impaired Glucose Tolerance Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(12): 3536 - 3549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Morita, S. Kasayama, M. Otsuki, N. Asanuma, H. Saito, M. Mukai, and M. Koga Atherosclerotic risk factors in Japanese subjects with isolated impaired fasting glucose and those with isolated impaired glucose tolerance according to 1997 and 2003 american diabetes association criteria. Diabetes Care, September 1, 2006; 29(9): 2123 - 2126. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Meyer, W. Pimenta, H. J. Woerle, T. Van Haeften, E. Szoke, A. Mitrakou, and J. Gerich Different Mechanisms for Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Postprandial Glucose Tolerance in Humans Diabetes Care, August 1, 2006; 29(8): 1909 - 1914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. V. Matveyenko, J. D. Veldhuis, and P. C. Butler Mechanisms of impaired fasting glucose and glucose intolerance induced by a ~50% pancreatectomy. Diabetes, August 1, 2006; 55(8): 2347 - 2356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Abdul-Ghani, K. Williams, R. DeFronzo, and M. Stern Risk of Progression to Type 2 Diabetes Based on Relationship Between Postload Plasma Glucose and Fasting Plasma Glucose Diabetes Care, July 1, 2006; 29(7): 1613 - 1618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Abdul-Ghani, D. Tripathy, and R. A. DeFronzo Contributions of {beta}-Cell Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance to the Pathogenesis of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose Diabetes Care, May 1, 2006; 29(5): 1130 - 1139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Abdul-Ghani, C. P. Jenkinson, D. K. Richardson, D. Tripathy, and R. A. DeFronzo Insulin secretion and action in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: results from the veterans administration genetic epidemiology study. Diabetes, May 1, 2006; 55(5): 1430 - 1435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. H. Xiang, C. Wang, R. K. Peters, E. Trigo, S. L. Kjos, and T. A. Buchanan Coordinate Changes in Plasma Glucose and Pancreatic {beta}-Cell Function in Latino Women at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes, April 1, 2006; 55(4): 1074 - 1079. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Weigensberg, G. D.C. Ball, G. Q. Shaibi, M. L. Cruz, and M. I. Goran Decreased {beta}-Cell Function in Overweight Latino Children With Impaired Fasting Glucose Diabetes Care, October 1, 2005; 28(10): 2519 - 2524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. S. Hannon, G. Rao, and S. A. Arslanian Childhood Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Pediatrics, August 1, 2005; 116(2): 473 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Weiss, S. Caprio, M. Trombetta, S. E. Taksali, W. V. Tamborlane, and R. Bonadonna {beta}-Cell Function Across the Spectrum of Glucose Tolerance in Obese Youth Diabetes, June 1, 2005; 54(6): 1735 - 1743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Rosenbaum, C. Nonas, M. Horlick, I. Fennoy, I. Vargas, H. Schachner, P. Kringas, K. Stanton, R. Weil, and and the El Camino Diabetes Prevention Group {beta}-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Early Adolescence: Association with Body Fatness and Family History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2004; 89(11): 5469 - 5476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Bonora, S. Kiechl, J. Willeit, F. Oberhollenzer, G. Egger, J. B. Meigs, R. C. Bonadonna, and M. Muggeo Population-Based Incidence Rates and Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in White Individuals: The Bruneck Study Diabetes, July 1, 2004; 53(7): 1782 - 1789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Festa, R. D'Agostino Jr., A. J.G. Hanley, A. J. Karter, M. F. Saad, and S. M. Haffner Differences in Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Subjects With Isolated Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Isolated Impaired Fasting Glucose Diabetes, June 1, 2004; 53(6): 1549 - 1555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classificati Follow-up Report on the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus Clin. Diabetes, April 1, 2004; 22(2): 71 - 79. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Bays, L. Mandarino, and R. A. DeFronzo Role of the Adipocyte, Free Fatty Acids, and Ectopic Fat in Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Peroxisomal Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonists Provide a Rational Therapeutic Approach J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 463 - 478. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Follow-up Report on the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Spectr, January 1, 2004; 17(1): 51 - 59. [Full Text] [PDF]

				The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classifi Follow-up Report on the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Care, November 1, 2003; 26(11): 3160 - 3167. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. B. Meigs, D. C. Muller, D. M. Nathan, D. R. Blake, and R. Andres The Natural History of Progression From Normal Glucose Tolerance to Type 2 Diabetes in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging Diabetes, June 1, 2003; 52(6): 1475 - 1484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. P. Carnevale Schianca, A. Rossi, P. P. Sainaghi, E. Maduli, and E. Bartoli The Significance of Impaired Fasting Glucose Versus Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Importance of insulin secretion and resistance Diabetes Care, May 1, 2003; 26(5): 1333 - 1337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Suzuki, M. Fukushima, M. Usami, M. Ikeda, A. Taniguchi, Y. Nakai, T. Matsuura, A. Kuroe, K. Yasuda, T. Kurose, et al. Factors Responsible for Development From Normal Glucose Tolerance to Isolated Postchallenge Hyperglycemia Diabetes Care, April 1, 2003; 26(4): 1211 - 1215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Hanefeld, C. Koehler, K. Fuecker, E. Henkel, F. Schaper, and T. Temelkova-Kurktschiev Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity Pattern Is Different in Isolated Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose: The Risk Factor in Impaired Glucose Tolerance for Atherosclerosis and Diabetes Study Diabetes Care, March 1, 2003; 26(3): 868 - 874. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Freemark Pharmacologic Approaches to the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in High Risk Pediatric Patients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 3 - 13. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. B. Meigs, D. M. Nathan, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, and P. W.F. Wilson Fasting and Postchallenge Glycemia and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: The Framingham Offspring Study Diabetes Care, October 1, 2002; 25(10): 1845 - 1850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. W. Hruz, H. Murata, H. Qiu, and M. Mueckler Indinavir Induces Acute and Reversible Peripheral Insulin Resistance in Rats Diabetes, April 1, 2002; 51(4): 937 - 942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Greenbaum, R. L. Prigeon, and D. A. D'Alessio Impaired {beta}-Cell Function, Incretin Effect, and Glucagon Suppression in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Who Have Normal Fasting Glucose Diabetes, April 1, 2002; 51(4): 951 - 957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-F. Gautier, C. Wilson, C. Weyer, D. Mott, W. C. Knowler, M. Cavaghan, K. S. Polonsky, C. Bogardus, and R. E. Pratley Low Acute Insulin Secretory Responses in Adult Offspring of People With Early Onset Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, August 1, 2001; 50(8): 1828 - 1833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Blüher, J. Kratzsch, and R. Paschke Plasma Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}, Angiotensin II, Growth Hormone, and IGF-I Are Not Elevated in Insulin-Resistant Obese Individuals With Impaired Glucose Tolerance Diabetes Care, February 1, 2001; 24(2): 328 - 334. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				C. Weyer, P. A. Tataranni, C. Bogardus, and R. E. Pratley Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretory Dysfunction Are Independent Predictors of Worsening of Glucose Tolerance During Each Stage of Type 2 Diabetes Development Diabetes Care, January 1, 2001; 24(1): 89 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text]