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Diabetes, Vol 48, Issue 6 1270-1274, Copyright © 1999 by American Diabetes Association
Free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is associated with activation of protein kinase C theta and alterations in the insulin signaling cascade
ME Griffin, MJ Marcucci, GW Cline, K Bell, N Barucci, D Lee, LJ Goodyear, EW Kraegen, MF White and GI Shulman
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA.
To examine the mechanism by which free fatty acids (FFAs) induce insulin
resistance in vivo, awake chronically catheterized rats underwent a
hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with or without a 5-h preinfusion of
lipid/heparin to raise plasma FFA concentrations. Increased plasma FFAs
resulted in insulin resistance as reflected by a approximately 35%
reduction in the glucose infusion rate (P < 0.05 vs. control). The
insulin resistance was associated with a 40-50% reduction in 13C nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR)-determined rates of muscle glycogen synthesis (P
< 0.01 vs. control) and muscle glucose oxidation (P < 0.01 vs.
control), which in turn could be attributed to a approximately 25%
reduction in glucose transport activity as assessed by
2-[1,2-3H]deoxyglucose uptake in vivo (P < 0.05 vs. control). This
lipid-induced decrease in insulin-stimulated muscle glucose metabolism was
associated with 1) a approximately 50% reduction in insulin-stimulated
insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1-associated phosphatidylinositol (PI)
3-kinase activity (P < 0.05 vs. control), 2) a blunting in
insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation (P < 0.05,
lipid-infused versus glycerol-infused), and 3) a four-fold increase in
membrane-bound, or active, protein kinase C (PKC) theta (P < 0.05 vs.
control). We conclude that acute elevations of plasma FFA levels for 5 h
induce skeletal muscle insulin resistance in vivo via a reduction in
insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation that can
be attributed to reduced glucose transport activity. These changes are
associated with abnormalities in the insulin signaling cascade and may be
mediated by FFA activation of PKC theta.

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