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Diabetes, Vol 49, Issue 7 1106-1115, Copyright © 2000 by American Diabetes Association
Aberrant macrophage cytokine production is a conserved feature among autoimmune-prone mouse strains: elevated interleukin (IL)-12 and an imbalance in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10 define a unique cytokine profile in macrophages from young nonobese diabetic mice
DG Alleva, RP Pavlovich, C Grant, SB Kaser and DI Beller
Evans Memorial Department of Clinical Research, Boston University Medical Center, Massachusetts, USA.
Cytokines derived from macrophages (Mo) play a critical role in the
development of type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Based
on earlier findings from lupus-prone strains of inherent cytokine defects
in Mo , NOD Mo were evaluated for intrinsically dysregulated cytokine
production with the potential to initiate or exacerbate disease.
Endotoxin-activated peritoneal Mo from young prediseased NOD mice produced
interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels similar to
those of Mo from a panel of control strains but reduced compared with the
congenic diabetes-resistant NOR strain. IL-6 and IL-10 production were
similar in NOD and NOR Mo, indicating that reduction in NOD IL-1 and
TNF-alpha expression was selective. Nevertheless, the ratio of TNF-alpha
and IL-10 production, a stringent index of normal Mo function,
distinguished NOD from all normal strains. The most striking feature of NOD
Mo, however, was their substantially elevated IL-12 production. This
response was induced not only by endotoxin but also by bacillus
Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and CD40 ligand and was associated with (and likely
caused by) the enhanced and prolonged expression of p40 mRNA. Moreover, NOD
Mo IL-12 expression appeared to be near maximally induced by
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone, because it was only slightly enhanced by
the addition of gamma-interferon, a stimulus that substantially elevated
LPS-induced IL-12 production in Mo from normal strains. Accompanied by a
unique profile of TNF-alpha and IL-10, the dramatic elevation of IL-12
expression by NOD Mo reflects intrinsic defects of the innate immune system
with the potential to initiate and propagate the pathogenic autoreactive
T-helper type 1 response characteristic of type 1 diabetes.

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Copyright © 2000 by the American Diabetes Association.
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