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Diabetes 50:2792-2808, 2001
© 2001 by the American Diabetes Association, Inc.

Diabetes-Associated Sustained Activation of the Transcription Factor Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B

Angelika Bierhaus1,2, Stephan Schiekofer1,2, Markus Schwaninger1, Martin Andrassy1,2, Per M. Humpert2, Jiang Chen1,2, Mei Hong2, Thomas Luther3, Thomas Henle3, Ingrid Klöting4, Michael Morcos1, Marion Hofmann5, Hans Tritschler6, Bernd Weigle3, Michael Kasper3, Mark Smith7, George Perry7, Ann-Marie Schmidt5, David M. Stern5, Hans-Ulrich Häring2, Erwin Schleicher2, and Peter P. Nawroth1,2

1 Department of Medicine I and Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
2 Department of Medicine IV, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
3 Department of Anatomy, Department of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
4 Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Institute of Pathophysiology, University Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
5 Columbia University, Department of Physiology, New York, New York
6 ASTA-Medica, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
7 Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-{kappa}B (NF-{kappa}B) has been suggested to participate in chronic disorders, such as diabetes and its complications. In contrast to the short and transient activation of NF-{kappa}B in vitro, we observed a long-lasting sustained activation of NF-{kappa}B in the absence of decreased I{kappa}B{alpha} in mononuclear cells from patients with type 1 diabetes. This was associated with increased transcription of NF-{kappa}Bp65. A comparable increase in NF-{kappa}Bp65 antigen and mRNA was also observed in vascular endothelial cells of diabetic rats. As a mechanism, we propose that binding of ligands such as advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), members of the S100 family, or amyloid-ß peptide (Aß) to the transmembrane receptor for AGE (RAGE) results in protein synthesis–dependent sustained activation of NF-{kappa}B both in vitro and in vivo. Infusion of AGE-albumin into mice bearing a ß-globin reporter transgene under control of NF-{kappa}B also resulted in prolonged expression of the reporter transgene. In vitro studies showed that RAGE-expressing cells induced sustained translocation of NF-{kappa}B (p50/p65) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus for >1 week. Sustained NF-{kappa}B activation by ligands of RAGE was mediated by initial degradation of I{kappa}B proteins followed by new synthesis of NF-{kappa}Bp65 mRNA and protein in the presence of newly synthesized I{kappa}B{alpha} and I{kappa}Bß. These data demonstrate that ligands of RAGE can induce sustained activation of NF-{kappa}B as a result of increased levels of de novo synthesized NF-{kappa}Bp65 overriding endogenous negative feedback mechanisms and thus might contribute to the persistent NF-{kappa}B activation observed in hyperglycemia and possibly other chronic diseases.



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