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Increased Intramyocellular Lipid Concentration Identifies Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Women With Previous Gestational Diabetes

¹ Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
² Metabolic Unit, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Research Council (ISIB-CNR), Padova, Italy
³ Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
⁴ Division of Endocrinology, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
⁵ Institute of Biostatistics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Women with previous gestational diabetes (pGDM) are frequently insulin-resistant, which could relate to intramyocellular lipid content (IMCL). IMCL were measured with ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in soleus (IMCL-S) and tibialis-anterior muscles (IMCL-T) of 39 pGDM (32 ± 2 years, waist-to-hip ratio 0.81 ± 0.01) and 22 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; 31 ± 1 years, 0.76 ± 0.02) at 4–6 months after delivery. Body fat mass (BFM) was assessed from bioimpedance analysis, insulin sensitivity index (S_I), and glucose effectiveness (S_G) from insulin-modified frequently sampled glucose tolerance tests. pGDM exhibited 45% increased BFM, 35% reduced S_I and S_G (P < 0.05), and 40% (P < 0.05) and 55% (P < 0.005) higher IMCL-S and IMCL-T, respectively. IMCL related to body fat (BFM P < 0.005, leptin P < 0.03), but only IMCL-T correlated (P < 0.03) with S_I and glucose tolerance index independent of BMI. Insulin-resistant pGDM (n = 17) had higher IMCL-S (+66%) and IMCL-T (+86%) than NGT and insulin-sensitive pGDM (+28%). IMCL were also higher (P < 0.005, P = 0.05) in insulin-sensitive pGDM requiring insulin treatment during pregnancy and inversely related to the gestational week of GDM diagnosis. Thus, IMCL-T reflects insulin sensitivity, whereas IMCL-S relates to obesity. IMCL could serve as an additional parameter of increased diabetes risk because it identifies insulin-resistant pGDM and those who were diagnosed earlier and/or required insulin during pregnancy.

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