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Diabetes 53:1813-1823, 2004
© 2004 by the American Diabetes Association, Inc.

Advanced Glycation End Product Interventions Reduce Diabetes-Accelerated Atherosclerosis

Josephine M. Forbes1, Louis Teo Loon Yee1, Vicki Thallas1, Markus Lassila1, Riccardo Candido1, Karin A. Jandeleit-Dahm1, Merlin C. Thomas1, Wendy C. Burns1, Elizabeth K. Deemer2, Susan R. Thorpe2, Mark E. Cooper1, and Terri J. Allen1

1 Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetes Complications, Vascular Division, Wynn Domain, Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina

Advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation may contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis, particularly in diabetes. The present study explored atherosclerosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic apolipoprotein E–deficient (apoE–/–) mice that were randomized (n = 20) to receive for 20 weeks no treatment, the AGE cross-link breaker ALT-711, or the inhibitor of AGE formation aminoguanidine (AG). A sixfold increase in plaque area with diabetes was attenuated by 30% with ALT-711 and by 40% in AG-treated mice. Regional distribution of plaque demonstrated no reduction in plaque area or complexity within the aortic arch with treatment, in contrast to the thoracic and abdominal aortas, where significant attenuation was seen. Diabetes-associated accumulation of AGEs in aortas and plasma and decreases in skin collagen solubility were ameliorated by both treatments, in addition to reductions in the vascular receptor for AGE. Collagen-associated reductions in the AGEs carboxymethyllysine and carboxyethyllysine were identified with both treatments. Diabetes was also accompanied by aortic accumulation of total collagen, specifically collagens I, III, and IV, as well as increases in the profibrotic cytokines transforming growth factor-ß and connective tissue growth factor and in cellular {alpha}-smooth muscle actin. Attenuation of these changes was seen in both treated diabetic groups. ALT-711 and AG demonstrated the ability to reduce vascular AGE accumulation in addition to attenuating atherosclerosis in these diabetic mice.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Josephine Forbes, Diabetes Complications, Baker Heart Research Institute, P.O. Box 6492, St. Kilda Road, Central Melbourne, Victoria 8008, Australia. E-mail: josephine.forbes{at}baker.edu.au

Abbreviations: AG, aminoguanidine; AGE, advanced glycation end product; ALE, advanced lipoxidation end product; apoE, apolipoprotein E; {alpha}-SMA, {alpha}-smooth muscle actin; CEL, N{epsilon}(carboxyethyl)lysine; CML, N{epsilon}(carboxymethyl)lysine; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; RAGE, receptor for AGE; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; sRAGE, soluble RAGE; TGF-ß, transforming growth factor-ß


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