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Diabetes 54:2503-2513, 2005
© 2005 by the American Diabetes Association, Inc.

Perspectives in Diabetes

Activating Mutations in Kir6.2 and Neonatal Diabetes

New Clinical Syndromes, New Scientific Insights, and New Therapy

Andrew T. Hattersley1, and Frances M. Ashcroft2

1 Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, U.K
2 University Laboratory of Physiology, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K

Closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP channels) in response to metabolically generated ATP or binding of sulfonylurea drugs stimulates insulin release from pancreatic ß-cells. Heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in the KCJN11 gene encoding the Kir6.2 subunit of this channel are found in ~47% of patients diagnosed with permanent diabetes at <6 months of age. There is a striking genotype-phenotype relationship with specific Kir6.2 mutations being associated with transient neonatal diabetes, permanent neonatal diabetes alone, and a novel syndrome characterized by developmental delay, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes (DEND) syndrome. All mutations appear to cause neonatal diabetes by reducing KATP channel ATP sensitivity and increasing the KATP current, which inhibits ß-cell electrical activity and insulin secretion. The severity of the clinical symptoms is reflected in the ATP sensitivity of heterozygous channels in vitro with wild type > transient neonatal diabetes > permanent neonatal diabetes > DEND syndrome channels. Sulfonylureas still close mutated KATP channels, and many patients can discontinue insulin injections and show improved glycemic control when treated with high-dose sulfonylurea tablets. In conclusion, the finding that Kir6.2 mutations can cause neonatal diabetes has enabled a new therapeutic approach and shed new light on the structure and function of the Kir6.2 subunit of the KATP channel.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Professor Frances Ashcroft, University Laboratory of Physiology, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, U.K. E-mail: frances.ashcroft{at}physiol.ox.ac.uk

Abbreviations: CHI, congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy; DEND, developmental delay, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes; KATP channel, ATP-sensitive K+ channel; SUR, sulfonylurea receptor


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