Diabetes
55:225-233,
2006
DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.55.01.06.db05-0894
© 2006 by the American Diabetes Association
Glucose-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Cause Apoptosis of Podocytes and Podocyte Depletion at the Onset of Diabetic Nephropathy
Katalin Susztak1,
Amanda C. Raff1,
Mario Schiffer1, and
Erwin P. Böttinger2
1 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
2 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Erwin Böttinger, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029. E-mail: erwin.bottinger{at}mssm.edu. Or Katalin Susztak, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461. E-mail: ksusztak{at}aecom.yu.edu
Abbreviations:
AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog; DAPI, 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DPI, diphenyl iodonium; ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PAS, periodic acid Schiff; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TGF, transforming growth factor; TTFA, 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone; TUNEL, transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; UAE, urinary albumin excretion; WT-1, Wilms tumor antigen-1
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the U.S. Recent studies demonstrate that loss of podocytes is an early feature of diabetic nephropathy that predicts its progressive course. Cause and consequences of podocyte loss during early diabetic nephropathy remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that podocyte apoptosis increased sharply with onset of hyperglycemia in Ins2Akita (Akita) mice with type 1 diabetes and Leprdb/db (db/db) mice with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Podocyte apoptosis coincided with the onset of urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and preceded significant losses of podocytes in Akita (37% reduction) and db/db (27% reduction) mice. Increased extracellular glucose (30 mmol/l) rapidly stimulated generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) through NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial pathways and led to activation of proapoptotic p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and caspase 3 and to apoptosis of conditionally immortalized podocytes in vitro. Chronic inhibition of NADPH oxidase prevented podocyte apoptosis and ameliorated podocyte depletion, UAE, and mesangial matrix expansion in db/db mice. In conclusion, our results demonstrate for the first time that glucose-induced ROS production initiates podocyte apoptosis and podocyte depletion in vitro and in vivo and suggest that podocyte apoptosis/depletion represents a novel early pathomechanism(s) leading to diabetic nephropathy in murine type 1 and type 2 diabetic models.

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Copyright © 2006 by the American Diabetes Association.
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