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Effects of Type 1 Diabetes on Gray Matter Density as Measured by Voxel-Based Morphometry

Gail Musen^1,2, In Kyoon Lyoo^3,4, Caitlin R. Sparks¹, Katie Weinger^1,2, Jaeuk Hwang⁴, Christopher M. Ryan⁵, David C. Jimerson^2,6, John Hennen^2,7,, Perry F. Renshaw^2,3, and Alan M. Jacobson^1,2

¹ Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
² Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
³ Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
⁴ Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
⁵ Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
⁷ Biostatistics Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Gail Musen, PhD, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Room 350, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail: gail.musen{at}joslin.harvard.edu

Key Words: CNS, central nervous system • MRI, magnetic resonance imaging • STG, superior temporal gyrus • VBM, voxel-based morphometry • WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence

The effects of type 1 diabetes and key metabolic variables on brain structure are not well understood. Sensitive methods of assessing brain structure, such as voxel-based morphometry (VBM), have not previously been used to investigate central nervous system changes in a diabetic population. Using VBM, we compared type 1 diabetic patients aged 25–40 years with disease duration of 15–25 years and minimal diabetes complications with an age-matched, nondiabetic control group. We investigated whether lower than expected gray matter densities were present, and if so, whether they were associated with glycemic control and history of severe hypoglycemic events. In comparison with control subjects, diabetic patients showed lower density of gray matter in several brain regions. Moreover, in the patient group, higher HbA_1c levels and severe hypoglycemic events were associated with lower density of gray matter in brain regions responsible for language processing and memory. Our study represents the first comprehensive study of gray matter density changes in type 1 diabetes and suggests that persistent hyperglycemia and acute severe hypoglycemia have an impact on brain structure.

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