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Mitochondrial Energetics in the Heart in Obesity-Related Diabetes

Direct Evidence for Increased Uncoupled Respiration and Activation of Uncoupling Proteins

¹ Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
² Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah

Address correspondence and reprint requests to E. Dale Abel, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Program in Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, 15 N 2030 East, Bldg. 533, Room 3410B, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. E-mail: dale.abel{at}hmbg.utah.edu

Abbreviations: 4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; ANT, adenine nucleotide translocase; ATR, atractyloside; ETFA, electron transfer flavoprotein -subunit; ETFB, electron transfer flavoprotein ß-subunit; ETFQO, electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; GDP, guanosine diphosphate; LVDP, left ventricular–developed pressure; MDA, malondialdehyde; MVO₂, myocardial oxygen consumption; PGC-1, PPAR- coactivator 1 ; PPAR-, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RPP, rate pressure product; UCP, uncoupling protein

OBJECTIVE—In obesity and diabetes, myocardial fatty acid utilization and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO₂) are increased, and cardiac efficiency is reduced. Mitochondrial uncoupling has been proposed to contribute to these metabolic abnormalities but has not been directly demonstrated.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Oxygen consumption and cardiac function were determined in db/db hearts perfused with glucose or glucose and palmitate. Mitochondrial function was determined in saponin-permeabilized fibers and proton leak kinetics and H₂O₂ generation determined in isolated mitochondria.

RESULTS—db/db hearts exhibited reduced cardiac function and increased MVO₂. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lipid and protein peroxidation products were increased. Mitochondrial proliferation was increased in db/db hearts, oxidative phosphorylation capacity was impaired, but H₂O₂ production was increased. Mitochondria from db/db mice exhibited fatty acid–induced mitochondrial uncoupling that is inhibitable by GDP, suggesting that these changes are mediated by uncoupling proteins (UCPs). Mitochondrial uncoupling was not associated with an increase in UCP content, but fatty acid oxidation genes and expression of electron transfer flavoproteins were increased, whereas the content of the F1 -subunit of ATP synthase was reduced.

CONCLUSIONS—These data demonstrate that mitochondrial uncoupling in the heart in obesity and diabetes is mediated by activation of UCPs independently of changes in expression levels. This likely occurs on the basis of increased delivery of reducing equivalents from ß-oxidation to the electron transport chain, which coupled with decreased oxidative phosphorylation capacity increases ROS production and lipid peroxidation.

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