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Acute Hyperglycemia Induces a Global Downregulation of Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle of Healthy Subjects

¹ Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 870, Institut National de la Rechereche Agronomique Unit 1235, Claude Bernard University, R. Laennec Faculty of Medicine, Lyon, France
² Metabolic Dysfunctions Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
³ INSERM Unit 755 Nutriomique, University Pierre and Marie Curie–Paris 6, Faculty of Medicine, Les Cordeliers, France
⁴ Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Hubert Vidal, UMR INSERM870/INRA1235, Faculté de Médecine R. Laennec, Rue G. Paradin, F-69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France. E-mail: vidal{at}sante.univ-lyon1.fr

Abbreviations: ChoRE, carbohydrate response element; ChREBP, carbohydrate responsive element binding protein; SP-1, specificity protein 1

To define the effects of acute hyperglycemia per se (i.e., without the confounding effect of hyperinsulinemia) in human tissues in vivo, we performed global gene expression analysis using microarrays in vastus lateralis muscle and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue of seven healthy men during a hyperglycemic-euinsulinemic clamp with infusion of somatostatin to inhibit endogenous insulin release. We found that doubling fasting blood glucose values while maintaining plasma insulin in the fasting range modifies the expression of 316 genes in skeletal muscle and 336 genes in adipose tissue. More than 80% of them were downregulated during the clamp, indicating a drastic effect of acute high glucose, in the absence of insulin, on mRNA levels in human fat and muscle tissues. Almost all the biological pathways were affected, suggesting a generalized effect of hyperglycemia. The induction of genes from the metallothionein family, related to detoxification and free radical scavenging, indicated that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress could be involved in the observed modifications. Because the duration and the concentration of the experimental hyperglycemia were close to what is observed during a postprandial glucose excursion in diabetic patients, these data suggest that modifications of gene expression could be an additional effect of glucose toxicity in vivo.

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