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Inhibition of Foxo1 Protects Pancreatic Islet β-Cells Against Fatty Acid and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Induced Apoptosis

¹ Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
² Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri

Address correspondence and reprint requests to M. Alan Permutt, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110. E-mail: apermutt{at}im.wustl.edu

Abbreviations: BiP, immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein; CHOP, C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein) homologous protein; DAPI, 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; eIF2, eukaryotic initiation factor-2; Ddit3, DNA damage–inducible transcript 3; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FBS, fetal bovine serum; GFP, green fluorescent protein; Gsk3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; IGFBP, IGF-binding protein; JNK, Jun NH₂-terminal kinase; MOI, multiplicity of infection; Pdx, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox; SCD1, stearoyl CoA desaturase 1; TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TUNEL, transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling

OBJECTIVE—β-Cells are particularly susceptible to fatty acid–induced apoptosis associated with decreased insulin receptor/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt signaling and the activation of stress kinases. We examined the mechanism of fatty acid–induced apoptosis of mouse β-cells especially as related to the role played by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–induced Foxo1 activation and whether decreasing Foxo1 activity could enhance cell survival.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Mouse insulinoma (MIN6) cells were administered with fatty acids, and the role of Foxo1 in mediating effects on signaling pathways and apoptosis was examined by measuring Foxo1 activity and using dominant-negative Foxo1.

RESULTS—Increasing fatty acid concentrations (100–400 µmol/l palmitate or oleate) led to early Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK) activation that preceded induction of ER stress markers and apoptosis. Foxo1 activity was increased with fatty acid administration and by pharmacological inducers of ER stress, and this increase was prevented by JNK inhibition. Fatty acids induced nuclear localization of Foxo1 at 4 h when Akt activity was increased, indicating that FoxO1 activation was not mediated by JNK inhibition of Akt. In contrast, fatty acid administration for 24 h was associated with decreased insulin signaling. A dominant-negative Foxo1 adenovirus (Adv-DNFoxo) conferred cells with protection from ER stress and fatty acid–mediated apoptosis. Microarray analysis revealed that fatty acid induction of gene expression was in most cases reversed by Adv-DNFoxo, including the proapoptotic transcription factor CHOP (C/EBP [CCAAT/enhancer binding protein] homologous protein).

CONCLUSIONS—Early induction of JNK and Foxo1 activation plays an important role in fatty acid–induced apoptosis. Expressing a dominant-negative allele of Foxo1 reduces expression of apoptotic and ER stress markers and promotes β-cell survival from fatty acid and ER stress, identifying a potential therapeutic target for preserving β-cells in type 2 diabetes.

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