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COOH-Terminal Clustering of Autoantibody and T-Cell Determinants on the Structure of GAD65 Provide Insights Into the Molecular Basis of Autoreactivity

¹ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
² Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
³ School of Medicine of Kings College London, Division of Gene and Cell Based Therapy, Denmark Hill Campus, London, U.K

Corresponding author: Prof. Merrill Rowley, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. E-mail: merrill.rowley{at}med.monash.edu.au

Abbreviations: GABA, -aminobutyric acid; mAb, monoclonal antibody; NHMRC, National Health and Medical Research Council; PLP, pyridoxal phosphate; rFab, recombinant Fab; RIP, radioimmunoprecipitation

OBJECTIVE—To gain structural insights into the autoantigenic properties of GAD65 in type 1 diabetes, we analyzed experimental epitope mapping data in the context of the recently determined crystal structures of GAD65 and GAD67, to allow "molecular positioning" of epitope sites for B- and T-cell reactivity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data were assembled from analysis of reported effects of mutagenesis of GAD65 on its reactivity with a panel of 11 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), supplemented by use of recombinant Fab to cross-inhibit reactivity with GAD65 by radioimmunoprecipitation of the same mAbs.

RESULTS—The COOH-terminal region on GAD65 was the major autoantigenic site. B-cell epitopes were distributed within two separate clusters around different faces of the COOH-terminal domain. Inclusion of epitope sites in the pyridoxal phosphate–and NH₂-terminal domains was attributed to the juxtaposition of all three domains in the crystal structure. Epitope preferences of different mAbs to GAD65 aligned with different clinical expressions of type 1 diabetes. Epitopes for four of five known reactive T-cell sequences restricted by HLA DRB1*0401 were aligned to solvent-exposed regions of the GAD65 structure and colocalized within the two B-cell epitope clusters. The continuous COOH-terminal epitope region of GAD65 was structurally highly flexible and therefore differed markedly from the equivalent region of GAD67.

CONCLUSIONS—Structural features could explain the differing antigenicity, and perhaps immunogenicity, of GAD65 versus GAD67. The proximity of B- and T-cell epitopes within the GAD65 structure suggests that antigen-antibody complexes may influence antigen processing by accessory cells and thereby T-cell reactivity.

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