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A Rare Mutation in ABCC8/SUR1 Leading to Altered ATP-Sensitive K⁺ Channel Activity and β-Cell Glucose Sensing Is Associated With Type 2 Diabetes in Adults

¹ Section of Cell Biology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
² Sud-Francilien Hospital, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
³ Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
⁴ Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France
⁵ Department of Genomic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, U.K
⁶ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UMR8090, Institute of Biology, Lille 2 University, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France

Corresponding author: Guy A. Rutter, Section of Cell Biology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K. E-mail: g.rutter{at}imperial.ac.uk

Abbreviations: [Ca²⁺]_cyt, cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentration; EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; HEK, human embryonic kidney; K_ATP channel, ATP-sensitive K⁺ channel; NBD, nucleotide-binding domain; PND, permanent neonatal diabetes; SUR, sulfonylurea receptor; TMD, transmembrane domain; TND, transient neonatal diabetes

OBJECTIVE— ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels (K_ATP channels) link glucose metabolism to the electrical activity of the pancreatic β-cell to regulate insulin secretion. Mutations in either the Kir6.2 or sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) 1 subunit of the channel have previously been shown to cause neonatal diabetes. We describe here an activating mutation in the ABCC8 gene, encoding SUR1, that is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes only in adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Recombinant K_ATP channel subunits were expressed using pIRES2-based vectors in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 or INS1(832/13) cells and the subcellular distribution of c-myc–tagged SUR1 channels analyzed by confocal microscopy. K_ATP channel activity was measured in inside-out patches and plasma membrane potential in perforated whole-cell patches. Cytoplasmic [Ca²⁺] was imaged using Fura-Red.

RESULTS— A mutation in ABCC8/SUR1, leading to a Y356C substitution in the seventh membrane-spanning -helix, was observed in a patient diagnosed with hyperglycemia at age 39 years and in two adult offspring with impaired insulin secretion. Single K_ATP channels incorporating SUR1-Y356C displayed lower sensitivity to MgATP (IC₅₀ = 24 and 95 µmol/l for wild-type and mutant channels, respectively). Similar effects were observed in the absence of Mg²⁺, suggesting an allosteric effect via associated Kir6.2 subunits. Overexpression of SUR1-Y356C in INS1(832/13) cells impaired glucose-induced cell depolarization and increased in intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentration, albeit more weakly than neonatal diabetes–associated SUR1 mutants.

CONCLUSIONS— An ABCC8/SUR1 mutation with relatively minor effects on K_ATP channel activity and β-cell glucose sensing causes diabetes in adulthood. These data suggest a close correlation between altered SUR1 properties and clinical phenotype.

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