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Haptoglobin Genotype

A Determinant of Cardiovascular Complication Risk in Type 1 Diabetes

¹ Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
² Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Corresponding author: Tina Costacou, PhD, Diabetes and Lipid Research Bldg., 3512 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213. E-mail: costacout{at}edc.pitt.edu

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVE—Haptoglobin is a plasma protein that binds free hemoglobin, thereby inhibiting hemoglobin-induced oxidative damage. We investigated the association between the haptoglobin genotype and the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a cohort of individuals with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Participants from the Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study who were free of CAD at study entry and had DNA available were selected (n = 453, mean age 27.1 years, and diabetes duration 18.8 years). CAD was defined as angina, ischemic electrocardiogram, myocardial infarction confirmed by Q-waves on electrocardiogram or hospital records, angiographic stenosis >50%, or revascularization.

RESULTS—The proportions of the cohort with the haptoglobin 1/1, 2/1, and 2/2 genotypes were 11.5, 41.3, and 47.2%, respectively. During 18 years of follow-up, there were 135 (29.8%) incident CAD events. Univariately, the proportion of CAD events increased from 15.4 to 28.3 and 34.6% for haptoglobin 1/1, 2/1, and 2/2, respectively (P = 0.02, P-trend = 0.007). Cumulative incidence (including 33 baseline prevalent cases) also increased from 24.1 to 32.3 and 39.1%, respectively (P = 0.07, P-trend = 0.02). In Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for traditional CAD risk factors, the haptoglobin 2/2 genotype was associated with increased CAD incidence compared with the haptoglobin 1/1 genotype (hazard ratio [HR] 2.21, 95% CI 1.05–4.65, P = 0.04). Although the risk associated with the haptoglobin 2/1 genotype did not reach significance (1.78, 0.84–3.79, P = 0.13), there remained a significant trend across the three groups (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS—These data support the hypothesis that the haptoglobin genotype influences cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes.

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