Diabetes
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Cejvan, K.
Right arrow Articles by Efendic, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Cejvan, K.
Right arrow Articles by Efendic, S.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

Diabetes 51:S381-S384, 2002
© 2002 by the American Diabetes Association, Inc.

Section 3: Beta-Cell Stimulus-Secretion Coupling: K+ ATP Channels and CA2+

Gliclazide Directly Inhibits Arginine-Induced Glucagon Release

Kenan Cejvan1, David H. Coy2, Jens Juul Holst3, Erol Cerasi4, and Suad Efendic1

1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
2 Peptide Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
3 Department of Medical Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
4 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Arginine-stimulated insulin and somatostatin release is enhanced by the sulfonylurea gliclazide. In contrast, gliclazide inhibits the glucagon response. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether this inhibition of glucagon release was mediated by a direct suppressive effect of gliclazide or was secondary to the paracrine effect of released somatostatin. To eliminate the paracrine effects of somatostatin, we first perfused isolated rat pancreata with a medium supplemented with 23% of the standard calcium content. Second, we perifused isolated rat islets with a novel and highly specific antagonist of type 2 somatostatin receptor, DC-41-33 (2 µmol/l), which fully antagonizes the suppressive somatostatin effect on rat A cells. Gliclazide (30 µmol/l) inhibited glucagon release by 54% in the perfusion experiments, whereas the somatostatin response was nearly abolished. In islet perifusions with DC-41-33, arginine-induced glucagon release was inhibited by 66%. We therefore concluded that gliclazide inhibits glucagon release by a direct action on the pancreatic A cell.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Arginine stimulates release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Sulfonylurea compounds, such as glibenclamide and gliclazide, markedly enhance the arginine effect on somatostatin release, whereas glucagon response is suppressed (1–3). In the isolated perfused rat pancreas, insulin response to arginine is not significantly altered by glibenclamide (1), whereas gliclazide induces a transient enhancement of the insulin release (3). The mechanism behind the suppression of glucagon release by sulfonylureas is not clear. They may have a direct action on A cells (2,3). Alternatively, somatostatin released from D cells by sulfonylurea compounds may decrease glucagon response by a paracrine action (1). The former hypothesis is supported by studies in which sulfonylureas inhibited glucagon release in pancreata with abolished insulin and somatostatin responses. The insulin response was blunted by destruction of B cells with alloxan (4) or streptozotocin (STZ) (3), whereas the somatostatin release was nearly abolished by perfusing pancreata with a medium containing a low calcium concentration (4) or by treating the animals with cysteamine (3).

The action of somatostatin on target cells is mediated by five somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR 1–5) (5). In rodents, somatostatin inhibits glucagon and insulin release via SSTR2 and SSTR5, respectively (6,7). A novel highly specific SSTR2 antagonist, DC-41-33, has recently been synthesized (8). When applied in both perifused isolated rat islets and isolated perfused rat pancreas, this compound enhances arginine-stimulated glucagon release nearly threefold, which implies that islet somatostatin exerts a pronounced paracrine effect on A cell secretion (K.C., D.H.C., S.E., submitted manuscript).

In this study, we used DC-41-33 to investigate whether gliclazide, a representative sulfonylurea, inhibits arginine-stimulated glucagon release when somatostatin effect on A cells is completely abolished.


   RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Animals.
Male Wistar rats, age 2–3 months, were obtained from B&K Universal (Sollentuna, Sweden). The animals were fed ad libitum with free access to water and were placed in rooms with alternate 12-h periods of light and darkness.

To destroy B cells, we treated one group of animals with a single STZ injection (65 mg/kg body wt) administered in the tail vein. STZ (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was previously dissolved in ice-cold saline, buffered with citrate buffer (pH = 4.5). Blood glucose was measured during the 4 days after the injection to confirm that the rats developed diabetes. After that, the animals were treated with subcutaneous insulin implants (LinShin Canada, Scarborough, Canada) for 10–15 days to lower blood glucose and avoid deleterious effects of hyperglycemia on A cell function.

Perfusion of isolated rat pancreas.
Each animal was anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium thiopental (100 mg/kg body wt). The pancreata were dissected free from adjacent tissues, as previously described (9). A cannula was inserted in the abdominal aorta to enable administration of perfusion medium, which consisted of Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRBB; in mmol/l: 115 NaCl, 4.7 KCl, 2.6 CaCl2, 1.2 KH2PO4, 1.2 MgSO4, 20 NaHCO3, 16 HEPES) supplemented with 3.3 mmol/l glucose and 20 g/l BSA (pH 7.4). The medium was continuously gassed with a mixture of 95% O2:5% CO2 and perfused through pancreata during a 20-min equilibration period. Next there was a 30- (Fig. 1) or 20-min (Fig. 2) stimulation period, with 20 mmol/l arginine used as a stimulus for hormone release. During this period, gliclazide (Servier, Paris, France) was also added to the medium where noted (10 and 30 µmol/l) (Figs. 1 and 2, respectively). Finally, the basal medium was perfused for the last 10 min of the protocol. In experiments with pancreata isolated from STZ-administered rats, only 23% of the standard amount of calcium was added to the perfusion medium. The flow rate was kept at 2.8–3.2 ml/min. Samples were collected in ice-chilled tubes containing 1,000 units aprotinin (Trasylol; Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) at 1-min intervals and stored at -20°C for subsequent radioimmunoassay of insulin (10), glucagon (11), and somatostatin (12).



View larger version (18K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 1. Gliclazide inhibits arginine-induced glucagon release from isolated perfused rat pancreas. Hormone release was stimulated by 20 mmol/l arginine (A). Gliclazide (G) was used at the concentration of 10 µmol/l. {square}, control experiments (n = 5); {blacksquare}, gliclazide (n = 6). Results are expressed as means ± SE of n of experiments.

 


View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 2. Gliclazide inhibits arginine-induced glucagon release from isolated perfused pancreas of STZ-administered rats. The pancreas was perfused with buffer containing only 23% of standard calcium content. Hormone release was stimulated by 20 mmol/l arginine (A). Gliclazide (G) was used at the concentration of 30 µmol/l. {square}, control experiments (n = 6); {blacksquare}, gliclazide (n = 4). Results are expressed as means ± SE of n of experiments.

 
Isolation of pancreatic islets and perifusion studies.
Islets were isolated by digestion with collagenase (Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland) and cultured for 20–22 h in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 11 mmol/l glucose and 10% (vol/vol) FCS. Before perifusion studies, the islets were preincubated for 35 min in KRBB containing 3.3 mmol/l glucose and 2 g/l BSA (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Then 100 islets were added to each of two perifusion chambers, layered between inert polystyrene beads (Bio-Gel 200–400 mesh; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, CA). This perifusion system has been previously described (13). As a basal perifusion medium, we used the KRBB-albumin-glucose as described above, with the flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The perifusion protocol was started by a 30-min equilibration period with basal medium, followed by a 20-min stimulation period, and finally a 10-min perifusion with the basal medium. During the stimulation period, the medium contained 20 mmol/l arginine and, where indicated, 30 µmol/l gliclazide and/or 2 µmol/l DC-41-33. Samples were collected at 2-min intervals, ice-chilled immediately, frozen, and kept at -20°C to be analyzed as above.

Statistics.
Results are expressed as means ± SE and were tested for significance using the unpaired Student’s t test.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Effect of gliclazide on arginine-induced hormone release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas.
In perfused pancreata of normal Wistar rats, 20 mmol/l arginine induced biphasic release of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin (Fig. 1). During the first phase (0–4 min), 10 µmol/l gliclazide enhanced insulin response to arginine by 229% (expressed as area under the curve [AUC]; P < 0.02). However, gliclazide had no significant effect on the second phase of the insulin response (4–30 min). Glucagon response to arginine was not significantly affected by gliclazide during the first phase, but it was suppressed by 58% during the second phase (P < 0.01). Importantly, during both the first and second phases, gliclazide markedly enhanced arginine-induced somatostatin release (by 299% [P < 0.001] and 246% [P < 0.02], respectively).

In pancreata isolated from STZ-treated animals and perfused with medium supplemented with 23% of standard calcium content, both insulin and somatostatin responses to 20 mmol/l arginine were blunted (Fig. 2). Although gliclazide (30 µmol/l) did not significantly affect the release of insulin, it did enhance arginine-induced somatostatin release in some experiments, but to a level that failed to reach significance (4.6 ± 3.5 vs. 28.7 ± 33.2 fmol, expressed as AUC; P = 0.4, 0–20 min). Glucagon response to arginine was biphasic in this experimental model; it was suppressed by gliclazide during the second phase (4–20 min) by 62% (P < 0.002) and by 54% (P < 0.002) during the entire stimulation period (0–20 min).

Effect of gliclazide on arginine-induced hormone release from isolated perifused rat islets.
In isolated perifused islets, 20 mmol/l arginine induced significant insulin and glucagon release (Fig. 3). Gliclazide (30 µmol/l) enhanced the insulin response to arginine by 166% (P < 0.001) and suppressed the glucagon response by 76% (P < 0.002). At the concentration of 2 µmol/l, DC-41-33 had no effect on arginine-induced insulin release, but markedly enhanced the glucagon response. Importantly, gliclazide suppressed glucagon release by 66% in the presence of DC-41-33 (P < 0.02).



View larger version (26K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 3. Gliclazide inhibits arginine-induced glucagon release from isolated perifused rat islets. Hormone release was stimulated by 20 mmol/l arginine (A). Gliclazide (G) was used at the concentration of 30 µmol/l and DC-41-33 (D) at the concentration of 2 µmol/l. {square}, control experiments (n = 4); {blacksquare}, gliclazide (n = 4). Results are expressed as means ± SE of n of experiments.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Somatostatin administered exogenously inhibits the release of insulin (14,15) and glucagon (16,17) from the endocrine pancreas. It has been also proposed that somatostatin released from islet D cells inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon by a direct paracrine action (18). However, some investigators have strongly argued against the paracrine effect of somatostatin (19–21).

The inhibitory effect of somatostatin on rodent A cells is mediated by SSTR2 (6,7). A potent and highly specific SSTR2 antagonist, DC-41-33, has been synthesized (8). Recently we used this antagonist to investigate whether paracrine interactions operate in pancreatic islets, and demonstrated that the arginine effect on glucagon release was markedly enhanced by DC-41-33 (K.C., D.H.C., S.E., submitted manuscript). Hence, islet somatostatin indeed suppresses the glucagon response by a paracrine route.

Sulfonylureas stimulate release of insulin and somatostatin (22–24). These effects are mainly mediated by closure of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels after binding of sulfonylureas to their receptor, SUR1, which is a constitutive part of the KATP channel (25). This results in membrane depolarization that culminates in Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels and the onset of Ca2+-dependent insulin (26) and, probably, somatostatin (27) secretion. In addition, it has been proposed that sulfonylureas enhance insulin release by a direct effect on exocytosis (28). In contrast, sulfonylureas have been shown to inhibit glucagon release stimulated by arginine in both perifused isolated rat islets (2) and isolated perfused rat pancreas (1,3). Importantly, the sulfonylurea compound tolbutamide suppresses glucagon secretion in normal and type 2 diabetic subjects (29). Furthermore the sulfonylurea glibenclamide inhibits glucagon response in diabetic patients under hypoglycemic conditions (30). It has been proposed that the inhibitory action of sulfonylureas on glucagon release is mediated by a direct action, given that the effect was preserved in experiments where somatostatin release was blunted by a low extracellular calcium (4) or by cysteamine pretreatment of the animals (2,3).

Kawai et al. (19) proposed that the islet interstitium is divided into compartments, and that SSTRs are located in "somatostatin-poor compartments" and are separated from the "exocytosis-related interstitial space." Our recent data indicate that at least a portion of somatostatin may be released directly into these SSTR-containing compartments (K.C., D.H.C., S.E., submitted manuscript). This implies that in the above-described low calcium (4) and cysteamine pretreatment experiments (3), the possibility cannot be ruled out that somatostatin attained higher concentrations in close proximity to the SSTRs than in the perfusion effluent. In the present study in pancreata isolated from STZ-treated rats and perfused with medium containing only 23% of the standard calcium concentration, gliclazide inhibited arginine-stimulated glucagon release whereas the insulin response was completely abolished (Fig. 2). A small but insignificant somatostatin response was observed. Hence, on the basis of these experiments, it is difficult to conclusively determine whether local paracrine effects of somatostatin released by gliclazide contribute, at least partially, to the inhibitory effect of the compound on glucagon secretion. To exclude this possibility, we simultaneously administered gliclazide and DC-41-33 (Fig. 3) to the isolated perifused rat islets. This SSTR2 antagonist was applied at 2 µmol/l, a concentration that in batch-incubated rat islets abolishes the inhibitory effect of 10 nmol/l somatostatin on glucagon response to arginine (K.C., D.H.C., S.E., submitted manuscript). Because under these conditions arginine-induced glucagon release was inhibited by 66%, as compared to 76% in the absence of the antagonist, we concluded that the gliclazide effect on glucagon release is mediated mainly by a direct action of the sulfonylurea on A cells.

In situ hybridization has demonstrated the expression of the mRNA-encoding KATP channel subunits SUR1 and Kir6.2 in rat A cells (31). Moreover, using immunohistochemistry methods, SUR1 and Kir6.2 were localized in A, B, D, and PP cells (32). The sulfonylurea tolbutamide produced a concentration-dependent decrease in the whole-cell KATP conductance in isolated rat A cells and initiated action-potential firing at 20 mmol/l glucose (31). In addition, capacitance measurements in single A cells indicated that tolbutamide stimulates exocytosis evoked by depolarization or intracellular calcium infusion in these cells (33). In view of these observations, the present finding of the inhibition of arginine-induced glucagon release is unexpected and needs further explanation. We anticipated that in our studies, the A cell membrane would be depolarized in the presence of high arginine concentrations (34). Therefore, we believe that the described inhibitory effect of gliclazide on glucagon release is mediated by a direct effect on exocytosis. The lack of the inhibitory effect of gliclazide on the first phase of glucagon response to arginine in the isolated perfused rat pancreas may reflect the time period necessary for this sulfonylurea compound to reach and penetrate the A cell membrane to accumulate in concentrations appropriate to inhibit exocytosis of glucagon.

In the present study, gliclazide showed marked synergism with arginine in stimulating first-phase insulin release. In contrast, in our previous study, we demonstrated only nonsignificant stimulation of arginine-induced insulin release by glibenclamide (1). This current finding is consistent with previous findings that gliclazide is more potent in stimulating the first phase of insulin release from isolated perfused pancreas (35).

In conclusion, we have provided evidence that the sulfonylurea gliclazide directly inhibits glucagon release. This may contribute to the antidiabetogenic action of the compound.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (K2001-72X-00034-37C), Karolinska Institutet, and Servier International, France.

The authors express their appreciation to Anita Nylén, Elvi Sandberg, and Yvonne Strömberg at the Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, for their skillful technical assistance.


   FOOTNOTES
 
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Kenan Cejvan, Department of Molecular Medicine, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: kenan.cejvan{at}molmed.ki.se.

Received for publication 19 March 2002 and accepted in revised form 16 May 2002.

AUC, area under the curve; KRBB, Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer; SSTR, somatostatin receptor; STZ, streptozotocin; KATP channel, ATP-sensitive potassium channel.

The symposium and the publication of this article have been made possible by an unrestricted educational grant from Servier, Paris.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Efendic S, Enzmann F, Nylen A, Uvnäs-Wallensten K, Luft R: Sulfonylurea (glibenclamide) enhances somatostatin and inhibits glucagon release induced by arginine. Acta Physiol Scand108 :231 –233,1980[Medline]
  2. Sako Y, Wasada T, Umeda F, Ibayashi H: Effect of glibenclamide on pancreatic hormone release from isolated perifused islets of normal and cysteamine-treated rats. Metabolism35 :944 –949,1986[Medline]
  3. Takahashi K, Yamatani K, Hara M, Sasaki H: Gliclazide directly suppresses arginine-induced glucagon secretion. Diabetes Res Clin Pract24 :143 –151,1994[Medline]
  4. Östenson CG, Nylen A, Grill V, Gutniak M, Efendic S: Sulfonylurea-induced inhibition of glucagon secretion from the perfused rat pancreas: evidence for a direct, non-paracrine effect. Diabetologia29 :861 –867,1986[Medline]
  5. Patel YC, Srikant CB: Somatostatin receptors. Trends Endocrinol Metab8 :398 –405,1997[Medline]
  6. Rossowski WJ, Coy DH: Specific inhibition of rat pancreatic insulin or glucagon release by receptor-selective somatostatin analogs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun205 :341 –346,1994[Medline]
  7. Strowski MZ, Parmar RM, Blake AD, Schaeffer JM: Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion via two receptor subtypes: an in vitro study of pancreatic islets from somatostatin receptor 2 knockout mice. Endocrinology141 :111 –117,2000[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Hocart SJ, Jain R, Murphy WA, Taylor JE, Coy DH: Highly potent cyclic disulfide antagonists of somatostatin. J Med Chem42 :1863 –1871,1999[Medline]
  9. Loubatieres AL, Mariani MM, Ribes G, De Malbosc H, Chapal J: Etude experimentale d’un nouveau sulfamide hypoglicemiant particulierement actif, le HB419 ou glibenclamide. Diabetologia5 :1 –10,1969[Medline]
  10. Herbert V, Lau KS, Gottlieb CW, Bleicher SJ: Coated charcoal immunoassay of insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab25 :1375 –1384,1965[Medline]
  11. Faloona GR, Unger RH: Radioimmunoassay technique. In Methods in Hormone Radioimmunoassay. Vol. 1. Jaffe BN, Behrmann HE, Eds. New York, Academic Press,1974 , p.324 –326
  12. Hilsted L, Holst JJ: On the accuracy of radioimmunological determination of somatostatin in plasma. Regul Pept4 :13 –31,1982[Medline]
  13. Kanatsuna T, Lernmark Å, Rubenstein AH, Steiner DH: Block in insulin release from calcium-perifused pancreatic beta-cells induced by islet cell surface antibodies and complement. Diabetes30 :231 –234,1981[Abstract]
  14. Alberti KG, Christensen NJ, Christensen SE, Hansen AP, Iversen J, Lundbaek K, Seyer-Hansen K, Orskov H: Inhibition of insulin secretion by somatostatin. Lancet2 :1299 –1301,1973[Medline]
  15. Efendic S, Luft R, Grill V: Effect of somatostatin on glucose induced insulin release in isolated perfused rat pancreas and isolated rat pancreatic islets. FEBS Lett42 :169 –172,1974[Medline]
  16. Gerich JE, Lorenzi M, Schneider V, Kwan CW, Karam JH, Guillemin R, Forsham PH: Inhibition of pancreatic glucagon responses to arginine by somatostatin in normal man and in insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabetes23 :876 –880,1974[Medline]
  17. Koerker DJ, Ruch W, Chideckel E, Palmer J, Goodner CJ, Ensinck J, Gale CC: Somatostatin: hypothalamic inhibitor of the endocrine pancreas. Science184 :482 –484,1974[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Unger RH, Orci L: Possible roles of the pancreatic D-cell in the normal and diabetic states. Diabetes26 :241 –244,1977[Abstract]
  19. Kawai K, Ipp E, Orci L, Perrelet A, Unger RH: Circulating somatostatin acts on the islets of Langerhans by way of a somatostatin-poor compartment. Science218 :477 –478,1982[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Samols E, Stagner JI: Intraislet and islet acinar portal systems and their significance. In The Endocrine Pancreas. Samols E, Ed. New York, Raven Press,1991 , p.93 –124
  21. Samols E, Stagner JI: Intra-islet cell-cell interactions and insulin secretion. Diabetes Reviews4 :207 –223,1996
  22. Loubatieres A: The mechanism of action of the hypoglycemic sulfonamides: a concept based on investigations in animals and in man. Diabetes6 :408 –417,1957
  23. Ipp E, Dobbs RE, Arimura A, Vale W, Harris V, Unger RH: Release of immunoreactive somatostatin from the pancreas in response to glucose, amino acids, pancreozymin-cholecystokinin, and tolbutamide. J Clin Invest60 :760 –765,1977
  24. Efendic S, Enzmann F, Nylen A, Uvnäs-Wallensten K, Luft R: Effect of glucose/sulfonylurea interaction on release of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin from isolated perfused rat pancreas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A76 :5901 –5904,1979[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Aguilar-Bryan L, Nichols CG, Wechsler SW, Clement JP, Boyd AE, Gonzalez G, Herera-Sosa H, Nguy K, Bryan J, Nelson DA: Cloning of beta-cell high affinity sulphonylurea receptor: a regulator of insulin secretion. Science268 :423 –425,1995[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Ashcroft FM, Rorsman P: Electrophysiology of the pancreatic beta-cell. Prog Biophys Mol Biol54 :87 –143,1989[Medline]
  27. Quesada I, Nadal A, Soria B: Different effects of tolbutamide and diazoxide in alfa-, beta- and delta-cells within intact islets of Langerhans. Diabetes48 :2390 –2397,1999[Abstract]
  28. Eliasson L, Renström E, Ämmälä C, Berggren PO, Bertorello AM, Bokvist K, Chibalin A, Deeney JT, Flatt PR, Gäbel J, Gromada J, Larsson O, Lindström P, Rhodes CJ, Rorsman P: PKC-dependent stimulation of exocytosis by sulfonylureas in pancreatic beta cells. Science271 :813 –815,1996[Abstract]
  29. Pfeifer MA, Beard JC, Halter JB, Judzewitsch R, Best JD, Porte D Jr: Suppression of glucagon secretion during a tolbutamide infusion in normal and noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab54 :586 –591,1983
  30. Landstedt-Hallin L, Adamson U, Lins P-E: Oral glibenclamide suppresses glucagon secretion during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab84 :3140 –3145,1999[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Bokvist K, Olsen HL, Hoy M, Gotfredsen CF, Holmes WF, Buschard K, Rorsman P, Gromada J: Characterisation of sulphonylurea and ATP-regulated K+ channels in rat pancreatic A-cells. Pflugers Arch438 :428 –436,1999[Medline]
  32. Suzuki M, Fujikura K, Kotake K, Inagaki N, Seino S, Takata K: Immuno-localization of sulphonylurea receptor 1 in rat pancreas. Diabetologia42 :1204 –1211,1999[Medline]
  33. Hoy M, Olsen HL, Bokvist K, Buschard K, Barg S, Rorsman P, Gromada J: Tolbutamide stimulates exocytosis of glucagon by inhibition of a mitochondrial-like ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) conductance in rat pancreatic A-cells. J Physiol527 :109 –120,2000[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  34. Johansson H, Gylfe E, Hellman B: The actions of arginine and glucose on glucagon secretion are mediated by opposite effects on cytoplasmic Ca2+. Biochem Biophys Res Commun147 :309 –314,1987[Medline]
  35. Gregorio F, Ambrosi F, Cristallini S, Pedetti M, Filipponi P, Santeusanio F: Therapeutical concentrations of tolbutamide, glibenclamide, gliclazide and gliquidone at different glucose levels: in vitro effects on pancreatic A- and B-cell function. Diabetes Res Clin Pract18 :197 –206,1992[Medline]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Cejvan, K.
Right arrow Articles by Efendic, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Cejvan, K.
Right arrow Articles by Efendic, S.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Diabetes Diabetes Care Clinical Diabetes Diabetes Spectrum