Table of Contents

March 2002; 51 (3)

Rapid Publication

Select this article
- Beate Ritz-Laser,
- José Oberholzer,
- Christian Toso,
- Marie-Claude Brulhart,
- Katerina Zakrzewska,
- Frédéric Ris,
- Pascal Bucher,
- Philippe Morel,
- and Jacques Philippe
Molecular Detection of Circulating β-Cells After Islet Transplantation
Diabetes March 2002 51:557-561; published ahead of print February 4, 2002, doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.557
Select this article
- Dongmei Han,
- Xiumin Xu,
- Ricardo L. Pastori,
- Camillo Ricordi,
- and Norma S. Kenyon
Elevation of Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Gene Expression Is Predictive of Islet Allograft Rejection in Nonhuman Primates
Diabetes March 2002 51:562-566; published ahead of print February 4, 2002, doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.562

Metabolism and Signal Transduction

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- William G. Aschenbach,
- Michael F. Hirshman,
- Nobuharu Fujii,
- Kei Sakamoto,
- Kirsten F. Howlett,
- and Laurie J. Goodyear
Effect of AICAR Treatment on Glycogen Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle
Diabetes March 2002 51:567-573; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.567
Select this article
- Marianthe Hamilton-Wessler,
- Marilyn Ader,
- Melvin K. Dea,
- Donna Moore,
- Mette Loftager,
- Jan Markussen,
- and Richard N. Bergman
Mode of Transcapillary Transport of Insulin and Insulin Analog NN304 in Dog Hindlimb: Evidence for Passive Diffusion
Diabetes March 2002 51:574-582; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.574
Select this article
- Farah S.L. Thong,
- Wim Derave,
- Bente Kiens,
- Terry E. Graham,
- Birgitte Ursø,
- Jørgen F.P. Wojtaszewski,
- Bo F. Hansen,
- and Erik A. Richter
Caffeine-Induced Impairment of Insulin Action but Not Insulin Signaling in Human Skeletal Muscle Is Reduced by Exercise
Diabetes March 2002 51:583-590; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.583
Select this article
- Shonagh Munro,
- Daniel J.R. Cuthbertson,
- Joan Cunningham,
- Mark Sales,
- and Patricia T.W. Cohen
Human Skeletal Muscle Expresses a Glycogen-Targeting Subunit of PP1 That Is Identical to the Insulin-Sensitive Glycogen-Targeting Subunit G_L of Liver
Diabetes March 2002 51:591-598; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.591
Select this article
- Michael Krebs,
- Martin Krssak,
- Elisabeth Bernroider,
- Christian Anderwald,
- Attila Brehm,
- Martin Meyerspeer,
- Peter Nowotny,
- Erich Roth,
- Werner Waldhäusl,
- and Michael Roden
Mechanism of Amino Acid-Induced Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Humans
Diabetes March 2002 51:599-605; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.599
Select this article
- Meredith Hawkins,
- Ilan Gabriely,
- Robert Wozniak,
- Cristian Vilcu,
- Harry Shamoon,
- and Luciano Rossetti
Fructose Improves the Ability of Hyperglycemia Per Se to Regulate Glucose Production in Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes March 2002 51:606-614; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.606
Select this article
- Aidar R. Gosmanov and
- Donald B. Thomason
Insulin and Isoproterenol Differentially Regulate Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ Cotransporter Activity in Skeletal Muscle
Diabetes March 2002 51:615-623; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.615
Select this article
- Sylvie Franckhauser,
- Sergio Muñoz,
- Anna Pujol,
- Alba Casellas,
- Efren Riu,
- Pedro Otaegui,
- Benli Su,
- and Fatima Bosch
Increased Fatty Acid Re-esterification by PEPCK Overexpression in Adipose Tissue Leads to Obesity Without Insulin Resistance
Diabetes March 2002 51:624-630; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.624
Select this article
- Jie Mei,
- Lena Stenson Holst,
- Tova Rahn Landström,
- Cecilia Holm,
- David Brindley,
- Vincent Manganiello,
- and Eva Degerman
C₂-Ceramide Influences the Expression and Insulin-Mediated Regulation of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 3B and Lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
Diabetes March 2002 51:631-637; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.631

Immunology and Transplantation

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- Alex Rabinovitch,
- Wilma L. Suarez-Pinzon,
- A.M. James Shapiro,
- Ray V. Rajotte,
- and Robert Power
Combination Therapy With Sirolimus and Interleukin-2 Prevents Spontaneous and Recurrent Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice
Diabetes March 2002 51:638-645; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.638
Select this article
- Antti Kupila,
- Päivi Keskinen,
- Tuula Simell,
- Satu Erkkilä,
- Paula Arvilommi,
- Sari Korhonen,
- Teija Kimpimäki,
- Minna Sjöroos,
- Matti Ronkainen,
- Jorma Ilonen,
- Mikael Knip,
- and Olli Simell
Genetic Risk Determines the Emergence of Diabetes-Associated Autoantibodies in Young Children
Diabetes March 2002 51:646-651; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.646

Islet Studies

Select this article
- Simon A. Hinke,
- Richard W. Gelling,
- Raymond A. Pederson,
- Susanne Manhart,
- Cuilan Nian,
- Hans-Ulrich Demuth,
- and Christopher H.S. McIntosh
Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV-Resistant [d-Ala²]Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Improves Glucose Tolerance in Normal and Obese Diabetic Rats
Diabetes March 2002 51:652-661; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.652
Select this article
- Isabelle Briaud,
- Cynthia L. Kelpe,
- Lisa M. Johnson,
- Phuong Oanh T. Tran,
- and Vincent Poitout
Differential Effects of Hyperlipidemia on Insulin Secretion in Islets of Langerhans From Hyperglycemic Versus Normoglycemic Rats
Diabetes March 2002 51:662-668; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.662
Select this article
- Karen Moens,
- Veerle Berger,
- Jung-Mo Ahn,
- Chris Van Schravendijk,
- Victor J. Hruby,
- Daniel Pipeleers,
- and Frans Schuit
Assessment of the Role of Interstitial Glucagon in the Acute Glucose Secretory Responsiveness of In Situ Pancreatic β-Cells
Diabetes March 2002 51:669-675; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.669
Select this article
- Ha-il Kim,
- Ji-Young Cha,
- So-Youn Kim,
- Jae-woo Kim,
- Kyung Jin Roh,
- Je-Kyung Seong,
- Nam Taek Lee,
- Kang-Yell Choi,
- Kyung-Sup Kim,
- and Yong-ho Ahn
Peroxisomal Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Upregulates Glucokinase Gene Expression in β-Cells
Diabetes March 2002 51:676-685; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.676
Select this article
- Ilse Rooman,
- Jessy Lardon,
- and Luc Bouwens
Gastrin Stimulates β-Cell Neogenesis and Increases Islet Mass From Transdifferentiated but Not From Normal Exocrine Pancreas Tissue
Diabetes March 2002 51:686-690; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.686
Select this article
- Michael C. Lawrence,
- Harshika S. Bhatt,
- and Richard A. Easom
NFAT Regulates Insulin Gene Promoter Activity in Response to Synergistic Pathways Induced by Glucose and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1
Diabetes March 2002 51:691-698; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.691
Select this article
- Peter Bergsten,
- Johanna Westerlund,
- Per Liss,
- and Per-Ola Carlsson
Primary In Vivo Oscillations of Metabolism in the Pancreas
Diabetes March 2002 51:699-703; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.699
Select this article
- Efren Riu,
- Alex Mas,
- Tura Ferre,
- Anna Pujol,
- Laurent Gros,
- Pedro Otaegui,
- Lluis Montoliu,
- and Fatima Bosch
Counteraction of Type 1 Diabetic Alterations by Engineering Skeletal Muscle to Produce Insulin: Insights From Transgenic Mice
Diabetes March 2002 51:704-711; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.704
Select this article
- Yukio Tanizawa,
- Kazuaki Nakai,
- Terumasa Sasaki,
- Takatoshi Anno,
- Yasuharu Ohta,
- Hiroshi Inoue,
- Kiyosato Matsuo,
- Mayumi Koga,
- Susumu Furukawa,
- and Yoshitomo Oka
Unregulated Elevation of Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity Induces Glutamine-Stimulated Insulin Secretion: Identification and Characterization of a GLUD1 Gene Mutation and Insulin Secretion Studies With MIN6 Cells Overexpressing the Mutant Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Diabetes March 2002 51:712-717; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.712

Complications

Select this article
- Claudia Panzer,
- Michael S. Lauer,
- Andreas Brieke,
- Eugene Blackstone,
- and Byron Hoogwerf
Association of Fasting Plasma Glucose With Heart Rate Recovery in Healthy Adults: A Population-Based Study
Diabetes March 2002 51:803-807; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.803
Select this article
- Roldano Scognamiglio,
- Angelo Avogaro,
- Saula Vigili de Kreutzenberg,
- Christian Negut,
- Monica Palisi,
- Eros Bagolin,
- and Antonio Tiengo
Effects of Treatment With Sulfonylurea Drugs or Insulin on Ischemia-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes March 2002 51:808-812; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.808
Select this article
- Alain Nitenberg,
- Séverine Ledoux,
- Paul Valensi,
- Régis Sachs,
- and Isabelle Antony
Coronary Microvascular Adaptation to Myocardial Metabolic Demand Can Be Restored by Inhibition of Iron-Catalyzed Formation of Oxygen Free Radicals in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Diabetes March 2002 51:813-818; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.813
Select this article
- Motoko Kishi,
- James Tanabe,
- James D. Schmelzer,
- and Phillip A. Low
Morphometry of Dorsal Root Ganglion in Chronic Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy
Diabetes March 2002 51:819-824; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.819

Genetics

Select this article
- Peter C. Reifsnyder and
- Edward H. Leiter
Deconstructing and Reconstructing Obesity-Induced Diabetes (Diabesity) in Mice
Diabetes March 2002 51:825-832; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.825
Select this article
- James B. Meigs,
- Carolien I. M. Panhuysen,
- Richard H. Myers,
- Peter W.F. Wilson,
- and L. Adrienne Cupples
A Genome-Wide Scan for Loci Linked to Plasma Levels of Glucose and HbA_1c in a Community-Based Sample of Caucasian Pedigrees: The Framingham Offspring Study
Diabetes March 2002 51:833-840; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.833
Select this article
- Rector Arya,
- John Blangero,
- Ken Williams,
- Laura Almasy,
- Thomas D. Dyer,
- Robin J. Leach,
- Peter O’Connell,
- Michael P. Stern,
- and Ravindranath Duggirala
Factors of Insulin Resistance Syndrome–Related Phenotypes Are Linked to Genetic Locations on Chromosomes 6 and 7 in Nondiabetic Mexican-Americans
Diabetes March 2002 51:841-847; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.841
Select this article
- Treva Rice,
- Yvon C. Chagnon,
- Louis Pérusse,
- Ingrid B. Borecki,
- Olavi Ukkola,
- Tuomo Rankinen,
- Jacques Gagnon,
- Arthur S. Leon,
- James S. Skinner,
- Jack H. Wilmore,
- Claude Bouchard,
- and D.C. Rao
A Genomewide Linkage Scan for Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat in Black and White Families: The HERITAGE Family Study
Diabetes March 2002 51:848-855; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.848

Brief Genetics Reports

Select this article
- Norbert Vaessen,
- Peter Heutink,
- Jeanine J. Houwing-Duistermaat,
- Pieter J.L.M. Snijders,
- Tessa Rademaker,
- Leon Testers,
- Manou R. Batstra,
- Lodewijk A. Sandkuijl,
- Cornelia M. van Duijn,
- and Ben A. Oostra
A Genome-Wide Search for Linkage-Disequilibrium With Type 1 Diabetes in a Recent Genetically Isolated Population From the Netherlands
Diabetes March 2002 51:856-859; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.856
Select this article
- Federica Sentinelli,
- Stefano Romeo,
- Marcello Arca,
- Emanuela Filippi,
- Frida Leonetti,
- Michela Banchieri,
- Umberto Di Mario,
- and Marco Giorgio Baroni
Human Resistin Gene, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes: Mutation Analysis and Population Study
Diabetes March 2002 51:860-862; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.860
Select this article
- Haruhiko Osawa,
- Hiroshi Onuma,
- Akiko Murakami,
- Masaaki Ochi,
- Tatsuya Nishimiya,
- Kenichi Kato,
- Ikki Shimizu,
- Yasuhisa Fujii,
- Jun Ohashi,
- and Hideichi Makino
Systematic Search for Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Resistin Gene: The Absence of Evidence for the Association of Three Identified Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms With Japanese Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes March 2002 51:863-866; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.863
Select this article
- Jochen Schneider,
- Joerg Kreuzer,
- Andreas Hamann,
- Peter P. Nawroth,
- and Klaus A. Dugi
The Proline 12 Alanine Substitution in the Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ2 Gene Is Associated With Lower Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Vivo
Diabetes March 2002 51:867-870; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.867
Select this article
- Isao Kawasaki,
- Hideki Tahara,
- Masanori Emoto,
- Tetsuo Shoji,
- and Yoshiki Nishizawa
Relationship Between TaqIB Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Gene Polymorphism and Macrovascular Complications in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes March 2002 51:871-874; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.871
Select this article
- Christina Schwanstecher,
- Ulrike Meyer,
- and Mathias Schwanstecher
K_IR6.2 Polymorphism Predisposes to Type 2 Diabetes by Inducing Overactivity of Pancreatic β-Cell ATP-Sensitive K⁺ Channels
Diabetes March 2002 51:875-879; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.875
Select this article
- Daniela Mentuccia,
- Laura Proietti-Pannunzi,
- Keith Tanner,
- Vincenzo Bacci,
- Toni I. Pollin,
- Eric T. Poehlman,
- Alan R. Shuldiner,
- and Francesco S. Celi
Association Between a Novel Variant of the Human Type 2 Deiodinase Gene Thr92Ala and Insulin Resistance: Evidence of Interaction With the Trp64Arg Variant of the β-3-Adrenergic Receptor
Diabetes March 2002 51:880-883; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.880
Select this article
- Leen M. ’t Hart,
- Giel Nijpels,
- Jacqueline M. Dekker,
- J. Antonie Maassen,
- Robert J. Heine,
- and Timon W. van Haeften
Variations in Insulin Secretion in Carriers of Gene Variants in IRS-1 and -2
Diabetes March 2002 51:884-887; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.884

Letter to the Editor

Select this article
- Mayer B. Davidson
Status of Research Funded by the American Diabetes Association: Year 3
Diabetes March 2002 51:888; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.3.888

Current Issue

February 2012, 61 (2)

Print ISSN: 0012-1797
Online ISSN: 1939-327X

Diabetes

Rapid Publication

Molecular Detection of Circulating β-Cells After Islet Transplantation

Elevation of Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Gene Expression Is Predictive of Islet Allograft Rejection in Nonhuman Primates

Metabolism and Signal Transduction

Effect of AICAR Treatment on Glycogen Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle

Mode of Transcapillary Transport of Insulin and Insulin Analog NN304 in Dog Hindlimb: Evidence for Passive Diffusion

Caffeine-Induced Impairment of Insulin Action but Not Insulin Signaling in Human Skeletal Muscle Is Reduced by Exercise

Human Skeletal Muscle Expresses a Glycogen-Targeting Subunit of PP1 That Is Identical to the Insulin-Sensitive Glycogen-Targeting Subunit GL of Liver

Mechanism of Amino Acid-Induced Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Humans

Fructose Improves the Ability of Hyperglycemia Per Se to Regulate Glucose Production in Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin and Isoproterenol Differentially Regulate Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Na+-K+-2Cl− Cotransporter Activity in Skeletal Muscle

Increased Fatty Acid Re-esterification by PEPCK Overexpression in Adipose Tissue Leads to Obesity Without Insulin Resistance

C2-Ceramide Influences the Expression and Insulin-Mediated Regulation of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 3B and Lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Immunology and Transplantation

Combination Therapy With Sirolimus and Interleukin-2 Prevents Spontaneous and Recurrent Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice

Genetic Risk Determines the Emergence of Diabetes-Associated Autoantibodies in Young Children

Islet Studies

Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV-Resistant [d-Ala2]Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Improves Glucose Tolerance in Normal and Obese Diabetic Rats

Differential Effects of Hyperlipidemia on Insulin Secretion in Islets of Langerhans From Hyperglycemic Versus Normoglycemic Rats

Assessment of the Role of Interstitial Glucagon in the Acute Glucose Secretory Responsiveness of In Situ Pancreatic β-Cells

Peroxisomal Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Upregulates Glucokinase Gene Expression in β-Cells

Gastrin Stimulates β-Cell Neogenesis and Increases Islet Mass From Transdifferentiated but Not From Normal Exocrine Pancreas Tissue

NFAT Regulates Insulin Gene Promoter Activity in Response to Synergistic Pathways Induced by Glucose and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1

Primary In Vivo Oscillations of Metabolism in the Pancreas

Counteraction of Type 1 Diabetic Alterations by Engineering Skeletal Muscle to Produce Insulin: Insights From Transgenic Mice

Unregulated Elevation of Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity Induces Glutamine-Stimulated Insulin Secretion: Identification and Characterization of a GLUD1 Gene Mutation and Insulin Secretion Studies With MIN6 Cells Overexpressing the Mutant Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Pathophysiology

Regional Differences in the Response of Human Pre-Adipocytes to PPARγ and RXRα Agonists

Hypoglycemia-Associated Autonomic Failure in Advanced Type 2 Diabetes

Systemic and Local Adrenergic Regulation of Muscle Glucose Utilization During Hypoglycemia in Healthy Subjects

Increased Insulin Sensitivity in IGF-I Receptor–Deficient Brown Adipocytes

Extreme Insulin Resistance of the Central Adipose Depot In Vivo

Albumin Binding of Acylated Insulin (NN304) Does Not Deter Action to Stimulate Glucose Uptake

Unprocessed Proinsulin Promotes Cell Survival During Neurulation in the Chick Embryo

Attenuation of Diabetic Hyperphagia in Neuropeptide Y–Deficient Mice

The Fate of [U-13C]Palmitate Extracted by Skeletal Muscle in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Control Subjects

Theophylline Improves Hypoglycemia Unawareness in Type 1 Diabetes

The Effects of Rosiglitazone on Insulin Sensitivity, Lipolysis, and Hepatic and Skeletal Muscle Triglyceride Content in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Complications

Association of Fasting Plasma Glucose With Heart Rate Recovery in Healthy Adults: A Population-Based Study

Effects of Treatment With Sulfonylurea Drugs or Insulin on Ischemia-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes

Coronary Microvascular Adaptation to Myocardial Metabolic Demand Can Be Restored by Inhibition of Iron-Catalyzed Formation of Oxygen Free Radicals in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Morphometry of Dorsal Root Ganglion in Chronic Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy

Genetics

Deconstructing and Reconstructing Obesity-Induced Diabetes (Diabesity) in Mice

A Genome-Wide Scan for Loci Linked to Plasma Levels of Glucose and HbA1c in a Community-Based Sample of Caucasian Pedigrees: The Framingham Offspring Study

Factors of Insulin Resistance Syndrome–Related Phenotypes Are Linked to Genetic Locations on Chromosomes 6 and 7 in Nondiabetic Mexican-Americans

A Genomewide Linkage Scan for Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat in Black and White Families: The HERITAGE Family Study

Brief Genetics Reports

A Genome-Wide Search for Linkage-Disequilibrium With Type 1 Diabetes in a Recent Genetically Isolated Population From the Netherlands

Human Resistin Gene, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes: Mutation Analysis and Population Study

Systematic Search for Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Resistin Gene: The Absence of Evidence for the Association of Three Identified Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms With Japanese Type 2 Diabetes

The Proline 12 Alanine Substitution in the Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ2 Gene Is Associated With Lower Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Vivo

Relationship Between TaqIB Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Gene Polymorphism and Macrovascular Complications in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

KIR6.2 Polymorphism Predisposes to Type 2 Diabetes by Inducing Overactivity of Pancreatic β-Cell ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels

Association Between a Novel Variant of the Human Type 2 Deiodinase Gene Thr92Ala and Insulin Resistance: Evidence of Interaction With the Trp64Arg Variant of the β-3-Adrenergic Receptor

Variations in Insulin Secretion in Carriers of Gene Variants in IRS-1 and -2

Letter to the Editor

Status of Research Funded by the American Diabetes Association: Year 3

This Issue

Current Issue

Human Skeletal Muscle Expresses a Glycogen-Targeting Subunit of PP1 That Is Identical to the Insulin-Sensitive Glycogen-Targeting Subunit G_L of Liver

Insulin and Isoproterenol Differentially Regulate Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ Cotransporter Activity in Skeletal Muscle

C₂-Ceramide Influences the Expression and Insulin-Mediated Regulation of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 3B and Lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV-Resistant [d-Ala²]Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Improves Glucose Tolerance in Normal and Obese Diabetic Rats

The Fate of [U-¹³C]Palmitate Extracted by Skeletal Muscle in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Control Subjects

A Genome-Wide Scan for Loci Linked to Plasma Levels of Glucose and HbA_1c in a Community-Based Sample of Caucasian Pedigrees: The Framingham Offspring Study

K_IR6.2 Polymorphism Predisposes to Type 2 Diabetes by Inducing Overactivity of Pancreatic β-Cell ATP-Sensitive K⁺ Channels