Long-Term Treatment With Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor Improves Hepatic and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in the VDF Zucker Rat

Abstract

Upon release into circulation, the potent insulin secretagogues glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are rapidly cleaved and inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV). Long-term administration of specific DP IV inhibitors, so as to enhance circulating active GIP and GLP-1 levels, has been shown to improve glucose tolerance and β-cell glucose responsiveness and to reduce hyperinsulinemia in the Vancouver diabetic fatty (VDF) rat model of type 2 diabetes. Using the VDF model, the current study was undertaken to examine the effects of long-term DP IV inhibitor treatment on insulin sensitivity. Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps were performed on two sets of conscious VDF rats treated with or without the DP IV inhibitor P32/98 (20 mg · kg⁻¹ · day⁻¹ for 12 weeks). The protocol consisted of three sequential 90-min periods with insulin infusion rates of 0, 5, and 15 mU · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹ and included a constant infusion of [ ³H]glucose for measure of hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Relative to untreated littermates, the treated animals showed a left shift in the sensitivity of hepatic glucose output to insulin (average reduction ∼6 μmol · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹) and a marked gain in peripheral responsiveness to insulin, with glucose disposal rates increasing 105 and 216% in response to the two insulin steps (versus 2 and 46% in controls). These results provide the first demonstration of improved hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity after DP IV inhibitor therapy, and coupled with apparent improvements in β-cell function, they offer strong support for the utility of these compounds in the treatment of diabetes.