Insulin Release in Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Abstract

The availability of quantitative indexes describing β-cell function in normal life conditions is important for the characterization of impaired mechanisms of insulin secretion in pathophysiological states. Recently, an oral C-peptide minimal model has been proposed and applied to subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) during graded up-and-down glucose infusion protocols (40-min periods at 4, 8, 16, 8, 4, and 0 mg · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹) and oral glucose tolerance tests. These tests are characterized by slow glucose and C-peptide dynamics, which reproduce prandial conditions. In view of the importance of β-cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, our aim was to test and use the oral minimal model in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to identify deranged mechanisms of β-cell function. Plasma C-peptide and glucose data from graded up-and-down glucose infusions were analyzed in nine NGT and four IGT subjects using the classic deconvolution approach and the oral minimal model, and indexes of β-cell function were derived. An index of insulin sensitivity was also obtained for each subject from minimal model analysis of glucose and insulin levels achieved during the test. Both deconvolution and minimal model analyses revealed that individuals with IGT have a relative defect in the ability to secrete enough insulin to adequately compensate for insulin resistance. Additionally, minimal model analysis suggests that insulin secretory defect in IGT arises from delays in the timing of the β-cell response to glucose.