Impact of Intra-Abdominal Fat and Age on Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function

Abstract

The prevalence of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes increases with age. To determine whether the hyperbolic relationship between insulin sensitivity and the insulin response is affected by age and whether the decline in β-cell function with age is related to increases in intra-abdominal fat or age per se, we studied 220 healthy subjects with fasting glucose <6.1 mmol/l (89 men and 131 women, aged 26–75 years, BMI 18.7–40.4 kg/m²). The insulin sensitivity index (S_i) and the acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) were determined, and from these β-cell function was estimated as the disposition index (S_i × AIRg). Intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat areas were quantified by computed tomography. S_i (5.40 ± 0.5 vs. 7.86 ± 0.7 ×10⁻⁵ min⁻¹/[pmol/l]), P < 0.01) was decreased and intra-abdominal fat (117 ± 10 vs. 81 ± 9 cm², P < 0.05) was increased in the oldest (age 60–75 years) versus the youngest (age 26–44 years) quartile. The hyperbolic relationship between S_i and AIRg was present independent of age; thus, β-cell function measured as the disposition index (1,412 ± 120 vs. 2,125 ± 150 ×10⁻⁵ min⁻¹, P < 0.01) was lower in the oldest versus the youngest quartile. In multiple regression, intra-abdominal fat (r = −0.470, P < 0.001) but not age was associated with S_i, but both intra-abdominal fat (r = −0.198, P = 0.003) and age (r = −0.131, P = 0.05) were correlated with the disposition index. These data suggest that although intra-abdominal fat is a strong determinant of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, age has an independent effect on β-cell function that may contribute to the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes in older populations.