Both Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathways Contribute to DNA Synthesis, Cell Cycle Progression and Proliferation in Human Islets

Abstract

Objective: Our previous studies demonstrated that nutrient regulation of mTOR signaling promotes regenerative processes in rodent islets but rarely in human islets. Our objective was to extend these findings by using therapeutic agents to determine if the regulation of both GSK-3/β-catenin and mTOR signaling represent key components necessary for effecting a positive impact on human β-cell mass relevant to types 1 and 2 diabetes.

Research Design and Methods: Primary adult human and rat islets were treated with the GSK-3 inhibitors, LiCl and the highly potent 1-azakenpaullone (1-Akp), and nutrients. DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression and proliferation of β-cells were assessed. Measurement of insulin secretion and content, and Western blot analysis of GSK-3 and mTOR signaling components were performed.

Results: Human islets treated for 4 days with LiCl or 1-Akp exhibited significant increases in DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression and proliferation of β-cells that displayed varying degrees of sensitivity to rapamycin. Intermediate glucose (8 mM) produced a striking degree of synergism in combination with GSK-3 inhibition to enhance BrdU incorporation and Ki-67 expression in human β-cells. Nuclear translocation of β-catenin responsible for cell proliferation was found to be particularly sensitive to rapamycin.

Conclusions: A combination of GSK-3 inhibition and nutrient activation of mTOR contributes to enhanced DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression and proliferation of human β-cells. Identification of therapeutic agents that appropriately regulate GSK-3 and mTOR-signaling may provide a feasible and available approach to enhance human islet growth and proliferation.