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1. • G M Reaven

   Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes December 1988 37:1595-1607; doi:10.2337/diabetes.37.12.1595
   • Abstract
2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. National Diabetes Data Group. Diabetes December 1979 28:1039-1057
3. Islet Studies:

   • Alexandra E. Butler,
   • Juliette Janson,
   • Susan Bonner-Weir,
   • Robert Ritzel,
   • Robert A. Rizza,
   • and Peter C. Butler

   β-Cell Deficit and Increased β-Cell Apoptosis in Humans With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes January 2003 52:102-110; doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.1.102
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4. Rapid Publication:

   • David E. Cummings,
   • Jonathan Q. Purnell,
   • R. Scott Frayo,
   • Karin Schmidova,
   • Brent E. Wisse,
   • and David S. Weigle

   A Preprandial Rise in Plasma Ghrelin Levels Suggests a Role in Meal Initiation in Humans Diabetes August 2001 50:1714-1719; doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1714
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5. • S E Kahn,
   • R L Prigeon,
   • D K McCulloch,
   • E J Boyko,
   • R N Bergman,
   • M W Schwartz,
   • J L Neifing,
   • W K Ward,
   • J C Beard,
   • and J P Palmer

   Quantification of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes November 1993 42:1663-1672; doi:10.2337/diabetes.42.11.1663
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6. • R A DeFronzo

   Lilly lecture 1987. The triumvirate: beta-cell, muscle, liver. A collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes June 1988 37:667-687
7. • B M Spiegelman

   PPAR-gamma: adipogenic regulator and thiazolidinedione receptor. Diabetes April 1998 47:507-514; doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.4.507
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8. • G Boden

   Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes January 1997 46:3-10; doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.1.3
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9. Metabolism and Signal Transduction:

   • David E. Kelley,
   • Jing He,
   • Elizabeth V. Menshikova,
   • and Vladimir B. Ritov

   Dysfunction of Mitochondria in Human Skeletal Muscle in Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes October 2002 51:2944-2950; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2944
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10. Rapid Publication:

    • Matthias Tschöp,
    • Christian Weyer,
    • P. Antonio Tataranni,
    • Viswanath Devanarayan,
    • Eric Ravussin,
    • and Mark L. Heiman

    Circulating Ghrelin Levels Are Decreased in Human Obesity Diabetes April 2001 50:707-709; doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.4.707
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11. • A Dunaif,
    • K R Segal,
    • W Futterweit,
    • and A Dobrjansky

    Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes September 1989 38:1165-1174; doi:10.2337/diabetes.38.9.1165
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12. • T Hayashi,
    • M F Hirshman,
    • E J Kurth,
    • W W Winder,
    • and L J Goodyear

    Evidence for 5' AMP-activated protein kinase mediation of the effect of muscle contraction on glucose transport. Diabetes August 1998 47:1369-1373; doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.8.1369
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13. Pathophysiology:

    • Norikazu Maeda,
    • Masahiko Takahashi,
    • Tohru Funahashi,
    • Shinji Kihara,
    • Hitoshi Nishizawa,
    • Ken Kishida,
    • Hiroyuki Nagaretani,
    • Morihiro Matsuda,
    • Ryutaro Komuro,
    • Noriyuki Ouchi,
    • Hiroshi Kuriyama,
    • Kikuko Hotta,
    • Tadashi Nakamura,
    • Iichiro Shimomura,
    • and Yuji Matsuzawa

    PPARγ Ligands Increase Expression and Plasma Concentrations of Adiponectin, an Adipose-Derived Protein Diabetes September 2001 50:2094-2099; doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.9.2094
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14. • D A Pan,
    • S Lillioja,
    • A D Kriketos,
    • M R Milner,
    • L A Baur,
    • C Bogardus,
    • A B Jenkins,
    • and L H Storlien

    Skeletal muscle triglyceride levels are inversely related to insulin action. Diabetes June 1997 46:983-988; doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.6.983
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15. • M E Griffin,
    • M J Marcucci,
    • G W Cline,
    • K Bell,
    • N Barucci,
    • D Lee,
    • L J Goodyear,
    • E W Kraegen,
    • M F White,
    • and G I Shulman

    Free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is associated with activation of protein kinase C theta and alterations in the insulin signaling cascade. Diabetes June 1999 48:1270-1274; doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.6.1270
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16. U.K. prospective diabetes study 16. Overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Diabetes November 1995 44:1249-1258; doi:10.2337/diabetes.44.11.1249
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17. • J W Baynes

    Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes. Diabetes April 1991 40:405-412; doi:10.2337/diabetes.40.4.405
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18. Pathophysiology:

    • Thomas A. Buchanan,
    • Anny H. Xiang,
    • Ruth K. Peters,
    • Siri L. Kjos,
    • Aura Marroquin,
    • Jose Goico,
    • Cesar Ochoa,
    • Sylvia Tan,
    • Kathleen Berkowitz,
    • Howard N. Hodis,
    • and Stanley P. Azen

    Preservation of Pancreatic β-Cell Function and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes by Pharmacological Treatment of Insulin Resistance in High-Risk Hispanic Women Diabetes September 2002 51:2796-2803; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.9.2796
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19. Banting Lecture 2004:

    • Michael Brownlee

    The Pathobiology of Diabetic Complications: A Unifying Mechanism Diabetes June 2005 54:1615-1625; doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1615
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20. • J C Henquin

    Triggering and amplifying pathways of regulation of insulin secretion by glucose. Diabetes November 2000 49:1751-1760; doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.11.1751
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21. Rapid Publication:

    • Samar I. Itani,
    • Neil B. Ruderman,
    • Frank Schmieder,
    • and Guenther Boden

    Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Human Muscle Is Associated With Changes in Diacylglycerol, Protein Kinase C, and IκB-α Diabetes July 2002 51:2005-2011; published ahead of print June 6, 2002, doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2005
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22. Banting Lecture 2001:

    • J. Denis McGarry

    Banting Lecture 2001: Dysregulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Etiology of Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes January 2002 51:7-18; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.1.7
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23. • P E Lacy and
    • M Kostianovsky

    Method for the isolation of intact islets of Langerhans from the rat pancreas. Diabetes January 1967 16:35-39
24. • G S Hotamisligil and
    • B M Spiegelman

    Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes November 1994 43:1271-1278; doi:10.2337/diabetes.43.11.1271
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25. • J W Baynes and
    • S R Thorpe

    Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes January 1999 48:1-9; doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.1.1
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26. • G Perseghin,
    • P Scifo,
    • F De Cobelli,
    • E Pagliato,
    • A Battezzati,
    • C Arcelloni,
    • A Vanzulli,
    • G Testolin,
    • G Pozza,
    • A Del Maschio,
    • and L Luzi

    Intramyocellular triglyceride content is a determinant of in vivo insulin resistance in humans: a 1H-13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy assessment in offspring of type 2 diabetic parents. Diabetes August 1999 48:1600-1606; doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.8.1600
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27. • M J Garcia,
    • P M McNamara,
    • T Gordon,
    • and W B Kannel

    Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population. Sixteen year follow-up study. Diabetes February 1974 23:105-111
28. • R N Bergman

    Lilly lecture 1989. Toward physiological understanding of glucose tolerance. Minimal-model approach. Diabetes December 1989 38:1512-1527; doi:10.2337/diabetes.38.12.1512
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29. • D Koya and
    • G L King

    Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications. Diabetes June 1998 47:859-866; doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.6.859
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30. • R H Unger

    Lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of obesity-dependent NIDDM. Genetic and clinical implications. Diabetes August 1995 44:863-870; doi:10.2337/diabetes.44.8.863
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31. • T Inoguchi,
    • P Li,
    • F Umeda,
    • H Y Yu,
    • M Kakimoto,
    • M Imamura,
    • T Aoki,
    • T Etoh,
    • T Hashimoto,
    • M Naruse,
    • H Sano,
    • H Utsumi,
    • and H Nawata

    High glucose level and free fatty acid stimulate reactive oxygen species production through protein kinase C--dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in cultured vascular cells. Diabetes November 2000 49:1939-1945; doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.11.1939
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32. • G Xu,
    • D A Stoffers,
    • J F Habener,
    • and S Bonner-Weir

    Exendin-4 stimulates both beta-cell replication and neogenesis, resulting in increased beta-cell mass and improved glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Diabetes December 1999 48:2270-2276; doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.12.2270
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33. • A R Saltiel and
    • J M Olefsky

    Thiazolidinediones in the treatment of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Diabetes December 1996 45:1661-1669; doi:10.2337/diabetes.45.12.1661
    • Abstract
34. Complications:

    • Andreas Festa,
    • Ralph D’Agostino, Jr,
    • Russell P. Tracy,
    • and Steven M. Haffner

    Elevated Levels of Acute-Phase Proteins and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Diabetes April 2002 51:1131-1137; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1131
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35. Pathophysiology:

    • Alison M. Wren,
    • Caroline J. Small,
    • Caroline R. Abbott,
    • Waljit S. Dhillo,
    • Leighton J. Seal,
    • Mark A. Cohen,
    • Rachel L. Batterham,
    • Shahrad Taheri,
    • Sarah A. Stanley,
    • Mohammad A. Ghatei,
    • and Stephen R. Bloom

    Ghrelin Causes Hyperphagia and Obesity in Rats Diabetes November 2001 50:2540-2547; doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.11.2540
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36. • M W Schwartz,
    • R J Seeley,
    • S C Woods,
    • D S Weigle,
    • L A Campfield,
    • P Burn,
    • and D G Baskin

    Leptin increases hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression in the rostral arcuate nucleus. Diabetes December 1997 46:2119-2123; doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.12.2119
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37. • E J Kurth-Kraczek,
    • M F Hirshman,
    • L J Goodyear,
    • and W W Winder

    5' AMP-activated protein kinase activation causes GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle. Diabetes August 1999 48:1667-1671; doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.8.1667
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38. • R A DeFronzo,
    • E Jacot,
    • E Jequier,
    • E Maeder,
    • J Wahren,
    • and J P Felber

    The effect of insulin on the disposal of intravenous glucose. Results from indirect calorimetry and hepatic and femoral venous catheterization. Diabetes December 1981 30:1000-1007
39. • B H Goodpaster,
    • F L Thaete,
    • J A Simoneau,
    • and D E Kelley

    Subcutaneous abdominal fat and thigh muscle composition predict insulin sensitivity independently of visceral fat. Diabetes October 1997 46:1579-1585; doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.10.1579
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40. • S M Haffner,
    • R A Valdez,
    • H P Hazuda,
    • B D Mitchell,
    • P A Morales,
    • and M P Stern

    Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes June 1992 41:715-722; doi:10.2337/diabetes.41.6.715
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41. • M W Schwartz,
    • D G Baskin,
    • T R Bukowski,
    • J L Kuijper,
    • D Foster,
    • G Lasser,
    • D E Prunkard,
    • D Porte, Jr,
    • S C Woods,
    • R J Seeley,
    • and D S Weigle

    Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice. Diabetes April 1996 45:531-535; doi:10.2337/diabetes.45.4.531
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42. • H E Hohmeier,
    • H Mulder,
    • G Chen,
    • R Henkel-Rieger,
    • M Prentki,
    • and C B Newgard

    Isolation of INS-1-derived cell lines with robust ATP-sensitive K+ channel-dependent and -independent glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetes March 2000 49:424-430; doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.3.424
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43. Pathophysiology:

    • Kikuko Hotta,
    • Tohru Funahashi,
    • Noni L. Bodkin,
    • Heidi K. Ortmeyer,
    • Yukio Arita,
    • Barbara C. Hansen,
    • and Yuji Matsuzawa

    Circulating Concentrations of the Adipocyte Protein Adiponectin Are Decreased in Parallel With Reduced Insulin Sensitivity During the Progression to Type 2 Diabetes in Rhesus Monkeys Diabetes May 2001 50:1126-1133; doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.5.1126
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44. • J F Caro,
    • M K Sinha,
    • J W Kolaczynski,
    • P L Zhang,
    • and R V Considine

    Leptin: the tale of an obesity gene. Diabetes November 1996 45:1455-1462
45. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes August 1995 44:968-983; doi:10.2337/diabetes.44.8.968
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46. Complications:

    • Charles M. Alexander,
    • Pamela B. Landsman,
    • Steven M. Teutsch,
    • and Steven M. Haffner

    NCEP-Defined Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease Among NHANES III Participants Age 50 Years and Older Diabetes May 2003 52:1210-1214; doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1210
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47. • E Van Cauter,
    • F Mestrez,
    • J Sturis,
    • and K S Polonsky

    Estimation of insulin secretion rates from C-peptide levels. Comparison of individual and standard kinetic parameters for C-peptide clearance. Diabetes March 1992 41:368-377; doi:10.2337/diabetes.41.3.368
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48. • C R Kahn

    Banting Lecture. Insulin action, diabetogenes, and the cause of type II diabetes. Diabetes August 1994 43:1066-1084
49. • L H Storlien,
    • A B Jenkins,
    • D J Chisholm,
    • W S Pascoe,
    • S Khouri,
    • and E W Kraegen

    Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats. Relationship to muscle triglyceride and omega-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipid. Diabetes February 1991 40:280-289; doi:10.2337/diabetes.40.2.280
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50. • M Prentki and
    • B E Corkey

    Are the beta-cell signaling molecules malonyl-CoA and cystolic long-chain acyl-CoA implicated in multiple tissue defects of obesity and NIDDM? Diabetes March 1996 45:273-283; doi:10.2337/diabetes.45.3.273
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51. Pathophysiology:

    • Giulio Marchesini,
    • Mara Brizi,
    • Giampaolo Bianchi,
    • Sara Tomassetti,
    • Elisabetta Bugianesi,
    • Marco Lenzi,
    • Arthur J. McCullough,
    • Stefania Natale,
    • Gabriele Forlani,
    • and Nazario Melchionda

    Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Feature of the Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes August 2001 50:1844-1850; doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1844
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52. Hypoglycemia in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Diabetes February 1997 46:271-286; doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.2.271
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53. • D E Kelley and
    • L J Mandarino

    Fuel selection in human skeletal muscle in insulin resistance: a reexamination. Diabetes May 2000 49:677-683; doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.5.677
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54. • D T Finegood,
    • R N Bergman,
    • and M Vranic

    Estimation of endogenous glucose production during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamps. Comparison of unlabeled and labeled exogenous glucose infusates. Diabetes August 1987 36:914-924; doi:10.2337/diabetes.36.8.914
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55. Rapid Publication:

    • Mitsuyo Shintani,
    • Yoshihiro Ogawa,
    • Ken Ebihara,
    • Megumi Aizawa-Abe,
    • Fumiko Miyanaga,
    • Kazuhiko Takaya,
    • Tatsuya Hayashi,
    • Gen Inoue,
    • Kiminori Hosoda,
    • Masayasu Kojima,
    • Kenji Kangawa,
    • and Kazuwa Nakao

    Ghrelin, an Endogenous Growth Hormone Secretagogue, Is a Novel Orexigenic Peptide That Antagonizes Leptin Action Through the Activation of Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y/Y1 Receptor Pathway Diabetes February 2001 50:227-232; doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.2.227
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56. • R S Surwit,
    • C M Kuhn,
    • C Cochrane,
    • J A McCubbin,
    • and M N Feinglos

    Diet-induced type II diabetes in C57BL/6J mice. Diabetes September 1988 37:1163-1167; doi:10.2337/diabetes.37.9.1163
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57. • S Jacob,
    • J Machann,
    • K Rett,
    • K Brechtel,
    • A Volk,
    • W Renn,
    • E Maerker,
    • S Matthaei,
    • F Schick,
    • C D Claussen,
    • and H U Häring

    Association of increased intramyocellular lipid content with insulin resistance in lean nondiabetic offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes May 1999 48:1113-1119; doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.5.1113
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58. • F M Matschinsky

    Banting Lecture 1995. A lesson in metabolic regulation inspired by the glucokinase glucose sensor paradigm. Diabetes February 1996 45:223-241; doi:10.2337/diabetes.45.2.223
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59. • T Hayashi,
    • M F Hirshman,
    • N Fujii,
    • S A Habinowski,
    • L A Witters,
    • and L J Goodyear

    Metabolic stress and altered glucose transport: activation of AMP-activated protein kinase as a unifying coupling mechanism. Diabetes April 2000 49:527-531; doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.4.527
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60. Complications:

    • Dilys J. Freeman,
    • John Norrie,
    • Muriel J. Caslake,
    • Allan Gaw,
    • Ian Ford,
    • Gordon D.O. Lowe,
    • Denis St. J. O’Reilly,
    • Chris J. Packard,
    • and Naveed Sattar

    C-Reactive Protein Is an Independent Predictor of Risk for the Development of Diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Diabetes May 2002 51:1596-1600; doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1596
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