Characterization of Binding and Phosphorylation Defects of Erythrocyte Insulin Receptors in the Type A Syndrome of Insulin Resistance

Abstract

The type A syndrome of insulin resistance and acan-thosis nigricans is characterized by severe insulin resistance due to a cellular defect in insulin action. To better understand the molecular nature of this defect, we have investigated insulin binding to circulating monocytes, erythrocytes, and the Triton X-100-solubilized erythrocyte receptor, and insulin-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation using cells and receptor from three type A patients. Insulin binding in both circulating cells and the soluble extract of erythrocytes indicated a heterogeneity of defects. Patients A₁ and A₂ both presented a major decrease in tracer insulin binding to intact cells and soluble insulin receptor. Determination of stoichiometric binding parameters using a cooperative model indicated that in patient A₁ this was due to a reduction in the number of receptors, whereas in patient A₂ the affinity constant for binding was decreased. Patient A₃ presented near-normal insulin binding to erythrocytes and normal binding in intact monocytes, solubilized erythrocyte receptors, and cultured fibroblasts. Affinity labeling of erythrocyte receptor from this patient revealed a normal α-subunit and also a normal relative distribution of the higher-molecular-weight, nonreduced oligomeric forms of the receptor.

Receptor autophosphorylation was measured using the solubilized insulin receptor from erythrocytes. The maximal stimulated phosphorylation was reduced by 79%, 76%, and 52% in patients A₁, A₂, and A₃, respectively, relative to the simultaneous control. In all three patients, the autophosphorylation was stimulated only 1.0–3.5 times the basal level compared with controls, in which the stimulation was 5.7-fold ±1.2 (mean ± 1 SD, P < 0.005). In addition, in patients A₁ and A₂ a decrease in basal phosphorylation was observed and in patient A₂ there was a rightward shift of the dose-response curve for insulin stimulation.

These data and the correlation of coupling of receptor phosphorylation with the fractional occupancy of the receptor measured in the same extract suggest that these patients exhibit three types of defects. In patient A₁, there is a loss in receptor number manifested by a parallel decrease in insulin binding and receptor phosphorylation. In patient A₂, there is an additional decrease in the affinity constant leading to a decrease in both binding and receptor phosphorylation with an almost linear coupling between receptor occupancy and receptor phosphorylation. Patient A₃, on the other hand, appears to have a specific defect located at the level of the β-subunit of the insulin receptor leading to a decrease in phosphorylation despite normal insulin binding. Thus, the type A syndrome of insulin resistance is characterized by a major impairment in receptor autophosphorylation, despite heterogeneous insulin binding defects. The defects appear to be expressed on circulating erythrocytes, suggesting that these cells are a suitable cellular model for study of the insulin receptor in diabetic States.