The Concurrent Accumulation of Intra-Abdominal and Subcutaneous Fat Explains the Association Between Insulin Resistance and Plasma Leptin Concentrations
Distinct Metabolic Effects of Two Fat Compartments
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIG. 1.
BMI (A), SI (B), total abdominal fat area (C), SCF area (D), IAF area (E), and fasting plasma leptin levels (F) in 56 LIS (□), 61 LIR ([cjs2108]), and 57 OIR (▪) subjects. *P < 0.001 vs. LIS; ∧P < 0.001 vs. LIR. SI, fat areas, and leptin levels were log-transformed before ANOVA because they were not normally distributed.
- FIG. 2.
Relationships between the SI and BMI (A) and measures of body fat distribution:waist-to-hip ratio (C), SCF area (E), and IAF area (G) in 174 subjects classified as LIS (▪), LIR (▵), or OIR (•). B, D, F, and H display the correlations between SI and adiposity measures after loge transformation of non–normally distributed variables. P < 0.001 for all correlations.
- FIG. 3.
Relationships between fasting plasma leptin levels and measures of body fat distribution in 174 subjects classified as LIS (▪), LIR (▵), or OIR (•). Correlation coefficients were determined for men (⧫) and women (+). P < 0.001 for all correlations.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Age, BMI, and metabolic characteristics of LIS, LIR, and OIR subjects subdivided by gender
LIS LIR OIR Men n 19 27 27 Age (years) 46.6 ± 7.3 55.7 ± 11.5† 53.9 ± 10.1 BMI (kg/m2) 24.1 ± 2.3 24.8 ± 1.4 30.5 ± 2.7‡¶ SI (× 10−5 min−1 · [pmol/l]−1) 11.3 ± 5.2 4.3 ± 0.5‡ 3.3 ± 1.3‡‖ Glucose (mmol/l) 5.36 ± 0.42 5.59 ± 0.39 5.77 ± 0.47† Insulin (pmol/l) 45.0 ± 19.2 63.6 ± 25.2* 88.2 ± 69.6‡ Women n 37 34 30 Age (years) 51.0 ± 8.6 53.0 ± 11.5 53.3 ± 9.5 BMI (kg/m2) 23.0 ± 2.2 23.8 ± 1.8# 31.5 ± 3.9‡¶ SI (× 10−5 min−1 · [pmol/l]−1) 10.7 ± 3.7 5.2 ± 1.2‡# 3.7 ± 1.7‡¶ Glucose (mmol/l) 5.14 ± 0.33# 5.28 ± 0.33** 5.52 ± 0.48‡§ Insulin (pmol/l) 39.6 ± 16.2 57.0 ± 29.4† 93.6 ± 48.6‡¶ Data are means ± SD.
- *
* P < 0.05,
- †
† P < 0.01,
- ‡
‡ P < 0.001 vs. LIS;
- §
§ P < 0.05,
- ‖
‖ P < 0.01,
- ¶
¶ P < 0.001 vs. LIR;
- #
# P < 0.05,
- **
** P < 0.01 for women vs. men within the group. SI and insulin were log-transformed to obtain normal distribution of the variable before ANOVA.
- TABLE 2
Body fat distribution and fasting plasma leptin concentrations in LIS, LIR, and OIR subjects subdivided by gender
LIS LIR OIR Men n 19 27 27 Waist-to-hip ratio 0.87 ± 0.06 0.90 ± 0.05 0.96 ± 0.05†‡ Total fat area (cm2) 175 ± 64 264 ± 85† 431 ± 100†‡ SCF area (cm2) 110 ± 51 166 ± 64† 248 ± 87†‡ IAF area (cm2) 65 ± 28 98 ± 38* 183 ± 62†‡ Leptin (ng/ml) 3.1 ± 1.0 6.0 ± 3.9† 10.1 ± 6.2†‡ Women n 37 34 30 Waist-to-hip ratio 0.75 ± 0.06¶ 0.77 ± 0.05¶ 0.83 ± 0.05†‡¶ Total fat area (cm2) 185 ± 75 283 ± 99† 517 ± 160†‡§ SCF area (cm2) 143 ± 61 208 ± 72†§ 381 ± 124†‡¶ IAF area (cm2) 42 ± 23‖ 75 ± 42†§ 136 ± 59†‡¶ Leptin (ng/ml) 10.7 ± 6.6¶ 14.6 ± 6.8*¶ 32.5 ± 13.6†‡¶ Data are means ± SD.
- *
* P < 0.01,
- †
† P < 0.001 vs. LIS;
- ‡
‡ P < 0.001 vs. LIR;
- §
§ P < 0.05,
- ‖
‖ P < 0.01,
- ¶
¶ P < 0.001 for women vs. men within the group. Fat areas and leptin levels were log-transformed to obtain normal distribution of the variable before ANOVA.
- TABLE 3
Multiple linear regression analysis of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and age, gender, and measures of body fat distribution
Independent variables Coefficient SE P Age −0.002 0.004 0.67 Gender 0.002 0.129 0.99 BMI −0.021 0.016 0.19 Waist-to-hip ratio −0.627 0.790 0.43 SCF area −0.001 0.001 0.06 IAF area −0.004 0.001 <0.001 Intercept 2.956 0.702 <0.001 The dependent variable is loge SI. The model r2 is 0.544. Sex was coded (0, 1) with the higher number indicating female sex. SE is the standard error for the regression coefficient.
- TABLE 4
Body fat distribution and fasting plasma leptin concentrations in a subgroup of LIS and LIR subjects matched for SCF area and gender (14 men/24 women)
LIS LIR n 38 38 Age (years) 49.6 ± 8.5 53.2 ± 12.0 BMI (kg/m2) 24.1 ± 1.7 23.6 ± 1.7 SI (× 10−5 min−1 · [pmol/l]−1) 10.5 ± 3.8 5.2 ± 1.3* SCF area (cm2) 157 ± 52 160 ± 52 Waist-to-hip ratio 0.79 ± 0.08 0.80 ± 0.09 IAF area (cm2) 56 ± 29 73 ± 39† Insulin (pmol/l) 42.6 ± 19.2 53.4 ± 24.6† Leptin (ng/ml) 8.8 ± 7.1 9.2 ± 5.9 Data are means ± SD.
- *
* P < 0.001;
- †
† P < 0.05.
- TABLE 5
Multiple regression analysis of the association between fasting plasma leptin levels and measures of body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity
Independent variables Men Women Coefficient SE P Coefficient SE P Age 0.005 0.005 0.31 −0.012 0.005 0.03 BMI −0.020 0.021 0.33 0.010 0.021 0.64 Waist-to-hip ratio −0.788 1.033 0.45 −0.806 1.035 0.44 SCF area 0.005 0.001 <0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 IAF area 0.002 0.001 0.046 0.003 0.002 0.07 SI −0.030 0.020 0.14 −0.062 0.025 0.02 Insulin 0.015 0.006 0.02 −1 × 10−5 0.011 1.0 Intercept 1.460 0.932 0.12 3.118 0.812 <0.001 The dependent variable is loge leptin. The model r2 is 0.764 for men and 0.620 for women. SE is the standard error for the regression coefficient.
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