β-Cell Deficit and Increased β-Cell Apoptosis in Humans With Type 2 Diabetes
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIG. 1.
The mean BMI in obese (nondiabetic [ND], IFG, and diabetic subjects [TTDM]) and lean cases (nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects).
- FIG. 2.
The mean FPG concentration (A) and the mean relative β-cell volume (B) in obese (nondiabetic [ND], IFG, and diabetic subjects [TTDM]) and lean cases (nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects).
- FIG. 3.
The mean FPG concentration (A) and the relative β-cell volume (B) in the obese group of nondiabetic (ND) subjects or diabetic patients who were treated with insulin, sulfonylurea pills (Oral), or diet only.
- FIG. 4.
The mean FPG concentration (A) and the relative β-cell volume (B) in the lean group of nondiabetic (ND) subjects or diabetic patients who were treated with insulin, sulfonylurea pills (Oral), or diet only.
- FIG. 5.
Section of pancreas (×20 magnification) stained for insulin. Numerous pancreatic ducts are shown, with insulin-positive cells present in the duct walls demonstrating new islet formation from exocrine ducts.
- FIG. 6.
The relative rate of new islet formation, estimated by fraction of duct cells positive for insulin, in the obese and lean groups. ND, nondiabetic; TTDM, type 2 diabetes.
- FIG. 7.
The frequency of β-cell replication (A) and β-cell apoptosis (B) normalized to relative β-cell volume in each case. ND, nondiabetic; TTDM, type 2 diabetes.
- FIG. 8.
Correlations of age versus β-cell replication (A) and insulin-positive duct cells (B). Solid lines are best fit, with broken lines showing 95% CIs.
- FIG. 9.
The presence (A), frequency (B), and extent (C) of birefringence under polarized light when stained by Congo Red.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Characteristics of patients
Obese Lean Type 2 diabetic subjects IFG Nondiabetic subjects Type 2 diabetic subjects Nondiabetic subjects n 41 19 31 16 17 Sex (F/M) 17/24 9/10 15/16 7/9 7/10 Age (years) 63.3 ± 1.8 63.1 ± 2.3 66.9 ± 2.7 80.2 ± 1.9 78.1 ± 2.9 -
Data are means ± SE.
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- TABLE 2
Obese and lean cases of type 2 diabetes, subdivided according to treatment (insulin, oral, or diet) to show sex, age, and BMI
Obese type 2 diabetic subjects* Lean type 2 diabetic subjects Insulin Oral Diet Insulin Oral Diet n 17 16 7 3 6 7 Sex (F/M) 10/7 5/11 1/6 1/2 4/2 2/5 Age (years) 65.9 ± 1.7 61.9 ± 3.7 59.7 ± 4.7 82.0 ± 3.5 78.2 ± 3.4 81.1 ± 3.0 BMI (kg/m2) 38.3 ± 1.5 38.5 ± 2.1 36.5 ± 2.0 23.6 ± 0.5 23.3 ± 0.8 21.2 ± 0.7 -
Data are means ± SE.
- *
* In one obese type 2 diabetic subject, the treatment was unknown.
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- TABLE 3
The five patient groups (lean nondiabetic, lean type 2 diabetic, obese nondiabetic, obese IFG, and obese type 2 diabetic subjects) demonstrating β-cell and islet characteristics
Lean Obese Nondiabetic subjects Type 2 diabetic subjects Nondiabetic subjects IFG Type 2 diabetic subjects Relative β-cell volume/islet (% of islet) 52.0 ± 4.1 38.0 ± 3.9* 45.4 ± 2.7 43.7 ± 3.4 37.0 ± 2.3† Islet density (islets/mm2) 3.1 ± 0.2 3.0 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.3 2.8 ± 0.2‡ 2.6 ± 0.2† Mean islet size (μm2) 7,140 ± 795 6,807 ± 526 7,187 ± 571 7,131 ± 695 7,846 ± 648 Apoptosis/islet (cells/islet) 0.07 ± 0.03 0.47 ± 0.19§ 0.20 ± 0.7 — 0.31 ± 0.15 Ki67/islet (cells/islet) 0.04 ± 0.02 0.033 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.02 — 0.03 ± 0.01 -
Data are means ± SE.
- *
* P < 0.01 for lean nondiabetic vs. type 2 diabetic subjects;
- †
† P < 0.05 for obese nondiabetic vs. type 2 diabetic subjects;
- ‡
‡ P < 0.05 for obese nondiabetic vs. IFG subjects;
- §
§ P < 0.05 for lean nondiabetic vs. type 2 diabetic subjects.
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