Skip to main content
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes Care
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • My Cart
  • Follow ada on Twitter
  • RSS
  • Visit ada on Facebook
Diabetes

Advanced Search

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • Diabetes COVID-19 Article Collection
    • Diabetes Symposium 2020
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcasts
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • Special Podcast Series: Therapeutic Inertia
    • Special Podcast Series: Influenza Podcasts
    • Special Podcast Series: SGLT2 Inhibitors
    • Special Podcast Series: COVID-19
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit Cover Art
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • ADA Peer Review
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes Care
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Diabetes
  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • Diabetes COVID-19 Article Collection
    • Diabetes Symposium 2020
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcasts
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • Special Podcast Series: Therapeutic Inertia
    • Special Podcast Series: Influenza Podcasts
    • Special Podcast Series: SGLT2 Inhibitors
    • Special Podcast Series: COVID-19
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit Cover Art
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • ADA Peer Review
Islet Studies

Intra-Islet Somatostatin Regulates Glucagon Release via Type 2 Somatostatin Receptors in Rats

  1. Kenan Cejvan1,
  2. David H. Coy2 and
  3. Suad Efendic1
  1. 1Department of Molecular Medicine, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  2. 2Peptide Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
    Diabetes 2003 May; 52(5): 1176-1181. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1176
    PreviousNext
    • Article
    • Figures & Tables
    • Info & Metrics
    • PDF
    Loading

    Abstract

    Exogenously administered somatostatin (SST) inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that islet SST regulates glucagon secretion by a local action. A number of studies utilizing SST antibodies have been performed to test this hypothesis, and their results have been conflicting. Five subtypes of SST receptor (SSTR1–5) mediate the effect of SST on target cells. In rodents, SST inhibits the release of glucagon, but not that of insulin, via SSTR2. A novel SSTR2-selective antagonist, DC-41-33, was synthesized recently. We have investigated the effects of this antagonist on arginine-stimulated glucagon and insulin release in batch incubations of isolated rat islets, perifused isolated rat islets, and isolated perfused rat pancreas. In batch incubations at 3.3 mmol/l glucose, DC-41-33 increased glucagon release in a dose-dependent manner. At the maximum dose tested (2 μmol/l), DC-41-33 enhanced the glucagon response by 4.3- to 5-fold. Similarly, this compound increased arginine-induced glucagon release in perifused islets at 3.3 mmol/l glucose (2.8-fold) and perfused pancreas at 3.3 and 5.5 mmol/l glucose (2.5- and 2.3-fold, respectively). In the two latter experimental systems, DC-41-33 had no significant effect on insulin release. In conclusion, our results strongly support the hypothesis that islet SST inhibits glucagon secretion via a local action.

    It is well established that exogenously administered somatostatin (SST) inhibits the release of insulin (1,2) and glucagon (3,4) from the endocrine pancreas. In addition, it has been hypothesized that SST released from islet D-cells regulates the secretion of insulin and glucagon by a local “paracrine” action (5,6). This hypothesis was supported by experiments demonstrating that immunoneutralization of endogenous SST in batch incubations of isolated pancreatic islets enhances glucagon and insulin secretion (7,8). However, the results of these studies do not necessarily depict physiological events, since released hormones accumulate in the medium and islet interstitium during the 30- to 90-min incubation period, reaching concentrations that most probably exceed those that are physiologically relevant. Additionally, isolated islets retain neither their normal interstitial structure nor their microcirculation. Further support for the involvement of local effects of SST came from an in vivo study in dogs, in which low and medium doses of a nonimmunoreactive SST analog suppressed the release of endogenous SST and markedly enhanced glucagon release, while insulin release was enhanced moderately (9). The possibility remains, however, that this analog had systemic effects that influenced hormone release.

    For the reasons stated above, studies with isolated perfused pancreas are of special relevance when considering paracrine interactions between islet cells. In the perfused isolated canine pancreas, exogenous SST inhibited arginine-stimulated insulin and glucagon secretion at concentrations as low as 20% of those measured in venous effluent (10). The authors interpreted this finding as indicating that islet SST receptors (SSTRs) are not in contact with high local concentrations of endogenous SST. The integrity of this separation determines the sensitivity of islet cells to circulating SST. The study thus argued against a local regulatory role for SST in the islet (11). This conclusion is supported by a series of immunoneutralization studies in isolated perfused pancreata of rat, dog, and humans, in which anterograde perfusion with polyclonal SST antibodies did not significantly affect either insulin or glucagon secretion (12–16). In contrast, Brunicardi and colleagues (17,18) reported that neutralization of intra-islet SST with monoclonal antibodies enhances both glucagon and insulin secretion from isolated perfused human pancreas.

    Five subtypes of SSTRs (SSTR1–5) mediate the effect of SST on target cells (19,20). Previous studies in rats have indicated that SST inhibits glucagon and insulin release via SSTR2 and SSTR5, respectively (21–24). The recent development of a specific SSTR2 antagonist, DC-41-33, also known as PRL-2903 (25), gave us the unique possibility to explore whether islet SST regulates glucagon release locally. For this purpose, we first characterized the effects of DC-41-33 on glucagon and insulin release in batch incubations of isolated rat islets and then applied DC-41-33 to perifused isolated rat islets and isolated perfused rat pancreata.

    RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

    Animals.

    Male Wistar rats, aged 2–3 months, were obtained from B&K Universal (Sollentuna, Sweden). The animals were fed ad libitum with free access to water and placed in rooms with alternate 12-h periods of light and darkness. The experiments were approved by the Ethical Committee of the Karolinska Institute (ethical application no. N80/01). The guidelines of the Swedish Research Council for the use and care of laboratory animals were followed.

    Isolation of pancreatic islets, batch incubation, and perifusion studies.

    Islets were isolated by digestion with collagenase (Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland) and cultured for 20–22 h in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 11 mmol/l glucose and 10% (vol/vol) FCS. For both batch incubation and perifusion studies, the islets were first preincubated for 35 min in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRBB) containing 3.3 mmol/l glucose and 2 g/l bovine plasma albumin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Batches of ten islets were then incubated for 1 h in 350 μl KRBB-albumin-glucose. As a stimulus for hormone release, 20 mmol/l arginine was used. DC-41-33 and/or SST (SST-14; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were added to incubations with arginine. After each incubation, 100-μl aliquots of incubation medium were stored at −20°C for subsequent radioimmunoassay of insulin (26) and glucagon (27).

    After culture and preincubation, 100 islets were added to each of two perifusion chambers by layering between inert polystyrene beads (Bio-Gel 200-400 mesh; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, CA). This perifusion system has been previously described (28). As a basal perifusion medium, we used the KRBB-albumin-glucose as described above, with the flow rate of 0.4 ml/2 min. The perifusion protocol was started by a 30-min equilibration period with basal medium, followed by a 20-min stimulation period, and finally by a 10-min reperifusion with the basal medium. Arginine at a concentration of 20 mmol/l was used as the stimulus for hormone release. Samples were collected at 2-min intervals, ice-chilled immediately, frozen, and kept at −20°C until analysis (described above).

    Perfusion of isolated rat pancreas.

    Each animal was anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium thiopental (100 mg/kg body wt). The pancreata were dissected away from adjacent tissues, as described previously (29). An open, nonrecycling perfusion system was used to administer perfusion medium via a cannula inserted in the abdominal aorta. The perfused pancreas was mounted on the cannula within the perfusion chamber. The temperature in the chamber was maintained at 37°C. Samples of the perfusate emerging from the portal vein were collected at 1-min intervals. The basal perfusion medium consisted of KRBB (in mmol/l: 115 NaCl, 4.7 KCl, 2.6 CaCl2, 1.2 KH2PO4, 1.2 MgSO4, and 20 NaHCO3) supplemented with 3.3 or 5.5 mmol/l glucose and 20 g/l BSA. In one series of experiments, the buffer was supplemented with only 20% of the standard calcium content (Fig. 6). The medium was continuously gassed with a mixture of 95% O2:5% CO2. Pancreata were first perfused with this basal medium for a 20-min equilibration period. During the following 10 min, either 1 μmol/l DC-41-33 or 10 nmol/l SST-14 (Sigma) were added to the perfusion medium, except for control experiments. Arginine (20 mmol/l) was then added for a 20-min stimulation period. Finally, basal medium only was perfused for the last 10 min of the protocol. The flow rate was maintained at 3 ml/min, and variations from 2.8 to 3.2 ml/min were only occasionally observed. Results were calculated as the concentration of hormone per milliliter of perfusate multiplied by the flow rate. Samples were collected in ice-chilled tubes containing 1,000 units aprotinin (Trasylol; Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) at 1-min intervals, frozen, and kept at −20°C for analysis as above.

    Statistics.

    Results are expressed as means ± SE. One- and two-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test and Newman-Keul’s test, respectively, were used to evaluate treatment effects in experiments with batch-incubated islets. The results of perifusion and perfusion studies were calculated as the area under the curve, and statistical analyses were assessed by unpaired t test. A P < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the programs Statistica (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK) and SigmaPlot 2000 for Windows, version 6.0 (SPSS).

    RESULTS

    Hormone release from isolated islets in batch incubations.

    In batch incubations of isolated islets at 3.3 mmol/l glucose, DC-41-33 was added at concentrations of 10–2,000 nmol/l (Fig. 1). This antagonist had a slight but significant stimulatory effect on the insulin response to 20 mmol/l arginine only at concentrations of 100 nmol/l (0.19 ± 0.01 vs. 0.23 ± 0.01 pmol · islet−1 · h−1, P < 0.05). At a concentration of ≥100 nmol/l, DC-41-33 markedly stimulated the glucagon response to arginine (26.1 ± 2.9 vs. 76.5 ± 5.8 pg · islet−1 · h−1, P < 0.001), and this increase was dose dependent. The two highest doses tested, 1 and 2 μmol/l DC-41-33, enhanced glucagon release by 3.8- and 4.3-fold, respectively.

    SST (10–1,000 nmol/l) had no significant effect on the insulin response in batch-incubated islets (Fig. 2 and Table 1) at 20 mmol/l arginine. However, the addition of 2 μmol/l DC-41-33 enhanced the arginine-stimulated insulin response (P < 0.001) in the absence or presence of exogenous SST in the medium. In these experiments, inhibition of the glucagon response by SST (to 36, 44, and 43% of controls at 10, 100, and 1,000 nmol/l SST, respectively) failed to reach significance. At a concentration of 2 μmol/l, DC-41-33 enhanced arginine-induced glucagon release by fivefold. In the presence of DC-41-33, 10 nmol/l SST had no significant effect on glucagon release, but at concentrations of 100 nmol/l and 1 μmol/l, SST inhibited the release of glucagon by 57 and 84%, respectively (P < 0.001).

    Hormone release from isolated perifused islets and perfused pancreas.

    Arginine (20 mmol/l) induced significant insulin and glucagon release from isolated perifused rat islets at 3.3 mmol/l glucose. DC-41-33 had no effect on the insulin response to arginine, but enhanced arginine-induced glucagon release by 2.8-fold (area under the curve 3,219.5 ± 403.5 vs. 8,966.9 ± 1,485.7 pg, respectively, P < 0.01).

    In the isolated perfused pancreas, 20 mmol/l arginine induced biphasic insulin and glucagon responses at 3.3 and 5.5 mmol/l glucose (Figs. 4 and 5, respectively). DC-41-33 (1 μmol/l) had no effect on insulin release at 3.3 mmol/l glucose (Fig. 4), but it enhanced the second phase of insulin response at 5.5 mmol/l glucose by 34.6% (Fig. 5). This effect was not significant (P = 0.4). The antagonist stimulated glucagon release by 2.5-fold at 3.3 mmol/l glucose and 2.3-fold at 5.5 mmol/l glucose (Table 2). The first phase of glucagon response was not significantly affected by DC-41-33 at either of these two glucose concentrations, while the second phase (4–20 min) was stimulated by 2.7-fold (P < 0.02) and 2.4-fold (P < 0.005) at 3.3 and 5.5 mmol/l glucose, respectively. However, the peak glucagon response at 3.3 mmol/l glucose, achieved at the second minute of arginine stimulation, was enhanced twofold by DC-41-33 (4,735.4 ± 826.8 vs. 9,750.2 ± 1,018.5 pg/min, controls vs. DC-41-33, respectively, P < 0.01) (Fig. 4).

    To abolish the release of endogenous SST, we perfused pancreata with buffer supplemented with only 20% of the standard calcium content (30). In these experiments, at 3.3 mmol/l glucose, insulin and glucagon each responded to arginine in a biphasic manner, while DC-41-33 did not significantly affect these hormonal responses (Fig. 6). Addition of 10 nmol/l SST-14 to the perfusate completely abolished the release of insulin and glucagon, both in basal conditions and in the presence of arginine.

    DISCUSSION

    SST is produced and secreted in various organ systems, such as the endocrine pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and the brain, where it regulates endocrine and exocrine secretion, cell division, and neurotransmission (31). Of the two endogenous bioactive forms of SST (SST-14 and -28), SST-14 is the predominant form in pancreatic islets (31). Both forms of SST inhibit the secretion of glucagon and insulin, but SST-14 inhibits glucagon release more potently than that of insulin (16). SST exerts its effect on target cells via G-protein–coupled receptors, which are encoded for by five genes. Each of these genes expresses a single protein, except for SSTR2, which has two splice variants, SSTR2a and -b. These differ only in length and amino-acid sequence at the carboxy terminus (19,20,32). An immunohistochemical study of human islets identified SSTR2 as the predominant subtype expressed in A-cells, and SSTR1 and SSTR5 as the predominant subtypes in B-cells (33). Similarly, such studies in rats localized SSTR2 to the A-cells and SSTR5 to the B-cells (21,22). Also, pharmacological studies in rats utilizing subtype-specific SSTR agonists demonstrated that SSTR2 mediates the action of SST on A-cells, while SSTR5 carries out this role in B-cells (23,24).

    DC-41-33 is a highly specific SSTR2 antagonist (25). In CHO cells transfected with human SSTRs, this compound binds competitively to SSTR2 with a binding affinity (Ki) of 26 ± 3.1 nmol/l and displays selectivity for human SSTR2 over SSTR5 by factor 20 (25). In primary cultures of rat pituitary cells, growth hormone release factor–stimulated growth hormone release was inhibited by 1 nmol/l SST. This inhibition was potently reversed by DC-41-33, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 2.5 nmol/l (25). The use of DC-41-33 also allows a dissection of the acute effects of SST in events mediated by SSTR2, such as the inhibition of gastric acid secretion and certain hormonal responses. Hence, in vivo studies have demonstrated that DC-41-33 blocks intravenous SST-induced inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in conscious rats (34) and reverses urethane-induced SST-mediated inhibition of gastric acid secretion (35).

    In the present study, application of DC-41-33 in batch incubations of isolated rat islets induced a dose-dependent enhancement of arginine-stimulated glucagon release (Fig. 1). Furthermore, 2 μmol/l DC-41-33 antagonized the inhibitory action of 10 nmol/l SST on arginine-induced glucagon release. Since this concentration of SST is at least 5- to 50-fold higher then that estimated to be present in islet capillaries and interstitium (10,16), we assumed that 2 μmol/l DC-41-33 should abolish the effect of islet SST on glucagon release in our perifusion experiments (Fig. 3). The lower but nearly equipotent dose, 1 μmol/l, was used in perfused pancreas, because delivery of DC-41-33 was expected to be more efficient by islet microcirculation, which is preserved in this model (Figs. 4–6). Under these experimental conditions, DC-41-33 markedly increased the glucagon response to arginine in both isolated perifused islets and perfused rat pancreas. Since we have used a nonrecycling perifusion and perfusion system, these findings suggest that islet SST regulates glucagon release via a local action in rats. This may apply equally at both fasted and nonfasted conditions, since DC-41-33 enhanced the glucagon response of perfused pancreata to a similar degree at 3.3 and 5.5 mmol/l glucose (2.5- and 2.3-fold, respectively). We do not know whether the octapetide DC-41-33 is able to penetrate the capillary wall and pass into the islet interstitium in these experiments. Therefore, it is not clear whether SST secreted from D-cells exerts its local effect on A-cells directly via the islet interstitum by paracrine action and/or via the islet microcirculatory system by a short-loop endocrine interaction. The hypothesis that islet SST regulates glucagon release via a local action is supported by the present findings that DC-41-33 failed to stimulate arginine-induced glucagon release in experiments with perfusion medium containing only 20% of the standard calcium content (Fig. 6). This procedure is known to blunt the endogenous SST response (30). Our findings are consistent with the results of a study using batch-incubated islets isolated from SSTR2-knockout mice, in which the glucagon response to arginine and potassium was enhanced twofold, while insulin release was unchanged (36). Furthermore, in a recent in vivo study, administration of another SSTR2-specific antagonist, BIM-23627, increased plasma glucagon levels in 10-day-old, freely moving rats (37).

    In the experiments with perifused islets or isolated perfused pancreata at 3.3 mmol/l glucose, blockade of SSTR2 had no effect on insulin release. However, in perfused pancreata at 5.5 mmol/l glucose, DC-41-33 increased the second phase of insulin release by 34.6% (P = 0.4). Although this compound shows 20-fold higher affinity to SSTR2 (A-cells) than SSTR5 (B-cells) (25), it is possible that the antagonist enhanced glucagon as well as insulin release in experiments with higher basal glucose in the perfusate that facilitates SST release. Significant enhancements of insulin secretion occurred in most but not all of our batch incubations of isolated islets at 2 μmol/l DC-41-33. Currently, we have no obvious explanation for this phenomenon. This finding may be accounted for by a synergistic insulinotropic effect of arginine and glucagon, accumulating in the medium during the 1-h incubation time.

    In conclusion, our study demonstrates for the first time the local inhibitory effect of islet SST on arginine-stimulated glucagon release in intact rat islets in vitro. This inhibition is mediated by SSTR2. Further studies are needed to explore the physiological significance and mechanisms of this interaction in rats, as well as in other species.

    FIG. 1.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG. 1.

    The effect of DC-41-33 on insulin and glucagon response to 20 mmol/l arginine in batch incubations of isolated islets at 3.3 mmol/l glucose. Results are expressed as mean ± SE of three experiments (three to five observations per experiment). *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs. 0 nmol/l DC-41-33.

    FIG. 2.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG. 2.

    The effect of 2 μmol/l DC-41-33 on the insulin and glucagon responses to 20 mmol/l arginine in the presence of increasing concentrations of SST, in batch incubations of isolated islets. Results are expressed as mean ± SE of three experiments (three to five observations per experiment). ***P < 0.001 vs. without DC-41-33; +++P < 0.001 vs. 0 nmol/l SST + 2 μmol/l DC-41-33.

    FIG. 3.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG. 3.

    The effect of 2 μmol/l DC-41-33 on insulin and glucagon release induced by 20 mmol/l arginine in perifused isolated islets. Results are expressed as mean ± SE of four experiments.

    FIG. 4.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG. 4.

    The effect of DC-41-33 (1 μmol/l) on insulin and glucagon release induced by 20 mmol/l arginine in isolated perfused pancreas at 3.3 mmol/l glucose. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. Controls: n = 6; DC-41-33: n = 4.

    FIG. 5.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG. 5.

    The effect of DC-41-33 (1 μmol/l) on insulin and glucagon release induced by 20 mmol/l arginine in isolated perfused pancreas at 5.5 mmol/l glucose. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. Controls: n = 10; DC-41-33: n = 7.

    FIG. 6.
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG. 6.

    The effect of DC-41-33 (1 μmol/l) or SST (10 nmol/l) on insulin and glucagon release induced by 20 mmol/l arginine in isolated perfused pancreas at 3.3 mmol/l glucose and 20% of the standard calcium content in the perfusion medium. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. Controls: n = 9; DC-41-33: n = 8; SST: n = 6.

    View this table:
    • View inline
    • View popup
    TABLE 1

    The effect of DC-41-33 on hormonal responses in the presence of SST, in batch-incubated islets

    View this table:
    • View inline
    • View popup
    TABLE 2

    The effect of DC-41-33 on hormonal release in perfused pancreas

    Acknowledgments

    This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (K2001-72X-00034-37C), Karolinska Institute, and the Novo-Nordisk Foundation Consortium.

    The authors express their appreciation to Anita Nylén, Elvi Sandberg, and Yvonne Strömberg at the Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, for their skillful technical assistance. The authors thank Dr. Neil Portwood for careful reading of the manuscript and suggestions. For help with statistical analyses, the authors thank Agneta Hilding.

    Footnotes

    • Address correspondence and reprint requests to Kenan Cejvan, Endocrine & Diabetes Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, L6:02, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: kenan.cejvan{at}molmed.ki.se.

      Received for publication 19 April 2002 and accepted in revised form 14 February 2003.

      KRBB, Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer; SST, somatostatin; SSTR, SST receptor.

    • DIABETES

    REFERENCES

    1. ↵
      Alberti KG, Christensen NJ, Christensen SE, Hansen AP, Iversen J, Lundbaek K, Seyer-Hansen K, Orskov H: Inhibition of insulin secretion by somatostatin. Lancet 2 : 1299 –1301,1973
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    2. ↵
      Efendic S, Luft R, Grill V: Effect of somatostatin on glucose induced insulin release in isolated perfused rat pancreas and isolated rat pancreatic islets. FEBS Lett 42 : 169 –172,1974
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    3. ↵
      Gerich JE, Lorenzi M, Schneider V, Kwan CW, Karam JH, Guillemin R, Forsham PH: Inhibition of pancreatic glucagon responses to arginine by somatostatin in normal man and in insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabetes 23 : 876 –880,1974
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    4. ↵
      Koerker DJ, Ruch W, Chideckel E, Palmer J, Goodner CJ, Ensinck J, Gale CC: Somatostatin: hypothalamic inhibitor of the endocrine pancreas. Science 184 : 482 –484,1974
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    5. ↵
      Unger RH, Orci L: Possible roles of the pancreatic D-cell in the normal and diabetic states. Diabetes 26 : 241 –244,1977
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    6. ↵
      Efendic S, Lins PE, Luft R, Uvnäs-Wallensten K, Szecowka J: Somatostatin: paracrine or endocrine substance? Front Hormone Res 7 : 41 –51,1980
      OpenUrl
    7. ↵
      Barden N, Lavoie M, Dupont A, Cote JP: Stimulation of glucagon release by addition of antisomatostatin serum to islets of Langerhans in vitro. Endocrinology 101 : 635 –638,1977
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    8. ↵
      Itoh M, Mandarino L, Gerich JE: Antisomatostatin gama globulin augments secretion of both insulin and glucagon in vitro: evidence for a physiologic role for endogenous somatostatin in the regulation of pancreatic A- and B-cell function. Diabetes 29 : 693 –696,1980
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    9. ↵
      Taborsky GJ Jr: Evidence for a paracrine role for pancreatic somatostatin in vivo. Am J Physiol 245 : E598 –E603,1983
    10. ↵
      Kawai K, Ipp E, Orci L, Perrelet A, Unger RH: Circulating somatostatin acts on the islets of Langerhans by way of a somatostatin-poor compartment. Science 218 : 477 –478,1982
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    11. ↵
      Unger RH, Orci L: Glucagon. In Ellenberg & Rifkin’s Diabetes Mellitus. 5th ed. Porte D, Sherwin RS, Eds. Stamford, CT, Appleton & Lange,1997 , p. 115 –139
    12. ↵
      Samols E, Stagner JI, Ewart RB, Marks V: The order of islet microvascular cellular perfusion is B–A–D in the perfused rat pancreas. J Clin Invest 82 : 350 –353,2001
      OpenUrlCrossRef
    13. Stagner JI, Samols E, Bonner-Weir S: β → α → δ pancreatic islet cellular perfusion in dogs. Diabetes 37 : 1715 –1721,1988
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    14. Stagner JI, Samols E: The vascular order of islet cellular perfusion in the human pancreas. Diabetes 41 : 93 –97,1992
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    15. Samols E, Stagner JI: Intra-islet cell-cell interactions and insulin secretion. Diabetes Reviews 4 : 207 –223,1996
    16. ↵
      Samols E, Stagner JI: Intraislet and islet acinar portal systems and their significance. In The Endocrine Pancreas. Samols E, Ed. New York, Raven Press,1991 , p. 93 –124
    17. ↵
      Brunicardi FC, Kleinman R, Moldovan S, Nguyen TH, Watt PC, Walsh J, Gingerich R: Immunoneutralization of somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon causes alterations in islet cell secretion in the isolated perfused human pancreas. Pancreas 23 : 302 –308,2001
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    18. ↵
      Kleinman R, Gingerich R, Ohning G, Wong H, Olthoff K, Walsh J, Brunicardi FC: The influence of somatostatin on glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide secretion in the isolated perfused human pancreas. Int J Pancreatol 18 : 51 –57,1995
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    19. ↵
      Patel YC, Srikant CB: Somatostatin receptors. Trends Endocrinol Metab 8 : 398 –405,1997
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    20. ↵
      Csaba Z, Dournaud P: Cellular biology of somatostatin receptors. Neuropeptides 35 : 1 –23,2001
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    21. ↵
      Hunyady B, Hipkin RW, Schonbrunn A, Mezey E: Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin receptor SST2A in the rat pancreas. Endocrinology 138 : 2632 –2635,1997
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    22. ↵
      Mitra SW, Mezey E, Hunyady B, Chamberlain L, Hayes E, Foor F, Wang Y, Schonbrunn A, Schaeffer JM: Colocalization of somatostatin receptor sst5 and insulin in rat pancreatic β-cells. Endocrinology 140 : 3790 –3796,1999
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    23. ↵
      Rossowski WJ, Coy DH: Potent inhibitory effects of a type four receptor-selective somatostatin analog on rat insulin release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 197 : 366 –371,1993
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    24. ↵
      Rossowski WJ, Coy DH: Specific inhibition of rat pancreatic insulin or glucagon release by receptor-selective somatostatin analogs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 205 : 341 –346,1994
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    25. ↵
      Hocart SJ, Jain R, Murphy WA, Taylor JE, Coy DH: Highly potent cyclic disulfide antagonists of somatostatin. J Med Chem 42 : 1863 –1871,1999
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    26. ↵
      Herbert V, Lau KS, Gottlieb CW, Bleicher SJ: Coated charcoal immunoassay of insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 25 : 1375 –1384,1965
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    27. ↵
      Faloona GR, Unger RH: Radioimmunoassay technique. In Methods in Hormone Radioimmunoassay. Vol 1. Jaffe BN, Behrmann HE, Eds. New York, Academic Press,1974 , p. 324 –326
    28. ↵
      Kanatsuna T, Lernmark Å, Rubenstein AH, Steiner DH: Block in insulin release from calcium-perifused pancreatic beta-cells induced by islet cell surface antibodies and complement. Diabetes 30 : 231 –234,1981
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    29. ↵
      Loubatieres AL, Mariani MM, Ribes G, De Malbosc H, Chapal J: Etude experimentale d’un nouveau sulfamide hypoglicemiant particulierement actif, le HB419 ou glibenclamide. Diabetologia 5 : 1 –10,1969
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    30. ↵
      Östenson CG, Nylen A, Grill V, Gutniak M, Efendic S: Sulfonylurea-induced inhibition of glucagon secretion from the perfused rat pancreas: evidence for a direct, non-paracrine effect. Diabetologia 29 : 861 –867,1986
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    31. ↵
      Reichlin S: Somatostatin. N Engl J Med 309 : 1495 –1501,1556 –1563,1983
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    32. ↵
      Benali N, Ferjoux G, Puente E, Buscail L, Susini C: Somatostatin receptors. Digestion 62 : 27 –32,2000
    33. ↵
      Kumar U, Sasi R, Suresh S, Patel A, Thangaraju M, Metrakos P, Patel SC, Patel YC: Subtype-selective expression of the five somatostatin receptors (hSSTR1–5) in human pancreatic islet cells: a quantitative double-label immunohistochemical analysis. Diabetes 48 : 77 –85,1999
      OpenUrlAbstract
    34. ↵
      Rossowski WJ, Cheng BL, Jiang NY, Coy DH: Examination of somatostatin involvement in the inhibitory action of GIP, GLP-1, amylin and adrenomedulin on gastric acid release using a new SRIF antagonist analogue. Br J Pharmacol 125 : 1081 –1087,1998
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    35. ↵
      Kawakubo K, Coy DH, Walsh JH, Tache Y: Urethane-induced somatostatin mediated inhibition of gastric acid: reversal by the somatostatin 2 receptor antagonist, PRL-2903. Life Sci 65 : 115 –120,1999
    36. ↵
      Strowski MZ, Parmar RM, Blake AD, Schaeffer JM: Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion via two receptor subtypes: an in vitro study of pancreatic islets from somatostatin receptor 2 knockout mice. Endocrinology 141 : 111 –117,2000
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    37. ↵
      Tulipano G, Soldi D, Bagnasco M, Culler MD, Taylor JE, Cocchi D, Giustina A: Characterization of new selective somatostatin receptor subtype-2 (sst2) antagonists, BIM-23627 and BIM-23454: effects of BIM-23627 on GH release in anesthetized male rats after short-term high-dose dexamethasone treatment. Endocrinology 143 : 1218 –1224,2002
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    PreviousNext
    Back to top

    In this Issue

    May 2003, 52(5)
    • Table of Contents
    • Index by Author
    Sign up to receive current issue alerts
    View Selected Citations (0)
    Print
    Download PDF
    Article Alerts
    Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
    Email Article

    Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Diabetes.

    NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

    Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
    Intra-Islet Somatostatin Regulates Glucagon Release via Type 2 Somatostatin Receptors in Rats
    (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Diabetes
    (Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the Diabetes web site.
    CAPTCHA
    This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
    Citation Tools
    Intra-Islet Somatostatin Regulates Glucagon Release via Type 2 Somatostatin Receptors in Rats
    Kenan Cejvan, David H. Coy, Suad Efendic
    Diabetes May 2003, 52 (5) 1176-1181; DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1176

    Citation Manager Formats

    • BibTeX
    • Bookends
    • EasyBib
    • EndNote (tagged)
    • EndNote 8 (xml)
    • Medlars
    • Mendeley
    • Papers
    • RefWorks Tagged
    • Ref Manager
    • RIS
    • Zotero
    Add to Selected Citations
    Share

    Intra-Islet Somatostatin Regulates Glucagon Release via Type 2 Somatostatin Receptors in Rats
    Kenan Cejvan, David H. Coy, Suad Efendic
    Diabetes May 2003, 52 (5) 1176-1181; DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1176
    del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
    • Tweet Widget
    • Facebook Like
    • Google Plus One

    Jump to section

    • Article
      • Abstract
      • RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
      • RESULTS
      • DISCUSSION
      • Acknowledgments
      • Footnotes
      • REFERENCES
    • Figures & Tables
    • Info & Metrics
    • PDF

    Related Articles

    Cited By...

    More in this TOC Section

    • Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Activates STRA6, Provoking Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes
    • Loss of Furin in β-Cells Induces an mTORC1-ATF4 Anabolic Pathway That Leads to β-Cell Dysfunction
    • SKAP2, a Candidate Gene for Type 1 Diabetes, Regulates β-Cell Apoptosis and Glycemic Control in Newly Diagnosed Patients
    Show more Islet Studies

    Similar Articles

    Navigate

    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • Collections
    • Archives
    • Submit
    • Subscribe
    • Email Alerts
    • RSS Feeds

    More Information

    • About the Journal
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Journal Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Advertising
    • Privacy Policy: ADA Journals
    • Copyright Notice/Public Access Policy
    • Contact Us

    Other ADA Resources

    • Diabetes Care
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
    • BMJ Open - Diabetes Research & Care
    • Professional Books
    • Diabetes Forecast

     

    • DiabetesJournals.org
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • ADA's DiabetesPro
    • ADA Member Directory
    • Diabetes.org

    © 2021 by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Print ISSN: 0012-1797, Online ISSN: 1939-327X.