Skip to main content
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes Care
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • Log out
  • My Cart
  • Follow ada on Twitter
  • RSS
  • Visit ada on Facebook
Diabetes

Advanced Search

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • Diabetes COVID-19 Article Collection
    • Diabetes Symposium 2020
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcasts
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • Special Podcast Series: Therapeutic Inertia
    • Special Podcast Series: Influenza Podcasts
    • Special Podcast Series: SGLT2 Inhibitors
    • Special Podcast Series: COVID-19
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit Cover Art
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • ADA Peer Review
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes Care
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • Log out
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Diabetes
  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • Diabetes COVID-19 Article Collection
    • Diabetes Symposium 2020
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcasts
    • Diabetes Core Update
    • Special Podcast Series: Therapeutic Inertia
    • Special Podcast Series: Influenza Podcasts
    • Special Podcast Series: SGLT2 Inhibitors
    • Special Podcast Series: COVID-19
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit Cover Art
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • ADA Peer Review
Brief Genetics Report

Permanent Neonatal Diabetes due to Mutations in KCNJ11 Encoding Kir6.2

Patient Characteristics and Initial Response to Sulfonylurea Therapy

  1. Jørn V. Sagen1,
  2. Helge Ræder1,
  3. Eba Hathout2,
  4. Naim Shehadeh3,
  5. Kolbeinn Gudmundsson4,
  6. Halvor Bævre5,
  7. Dianne Abuelo6,
  8. Chanika Phornphutkul7,
  9. Janne Molnes1,
  10. Graeme I. Bell8,
  11. Anna L. Gloyn9,
  12. Andrew T. Hattersley9,
  13. Anders Molven10,
  14. Oddmund Søvik1 and
  15. Pål R. Njølstad111
  1. 1Section of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  2. 2Loma Linda University Health Care, Loma Linda, California
  3. 3Department of Pediatrics, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
  4. 4Children’s Hospital, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  5. 5Innlandet Hospital, Lillehammer, Norway
  6. 6Genetic Counseling Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
  7. 7Department of Pediatrics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
  8. 8Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
  9. 9Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, U.K
  10. 10Section of Pathology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  11. 11Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
  1. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Prof. Pål R. Njølstad, MD, PhD, Section of Pediatrics, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: pal.njolstad{at}uib.no
Diabetes 2004 Oct; 53(10): 2713-2718. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.53.10.2713
PreviousNext
  • Article
  • Figures & Tables
  • Suppl Material
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Patient Characteristics and Initial Response to Sulfonylurea Therapy

Abstract

Permanent neonatal diabetes (PND) can be caused by mutations in the transcription factors insulin promoter factor (IPF)-1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α kinase 3 (EIF2AK3), and forkhead box-P3 and in key components of insulin secretion: glucokinase (GCK) and the ATP-sensitive K+ channel subunit Kir6.2. We sequenced the gene encoding Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) in 11 probands with GCK-negative PND. Heterozygous mutations were identified in seven probands, causing three novel (F35V, Y330C, and F333I) and two known (V59M and R201H) Kir6.2 amino acid substitutions. Only two probands had a family history of diabetes. Subjects with the V59M mutation had neurological features including motor delay. Three mutation carriers tested had an insulin secretory response to tolbutamide, but not to glucose or glucagon. Glibenclamide was introduced in increasing doses to investigate whether sulfonylurea could replace insulin. At a glibenclamide dose of 0.3–0.4 mg · kg−1 · day−1, insulin was discontinued. Blood glucose did not deteriorate, and HbA1c was stable or fell during 2–6 months of follow-up. An oral glucose tolerance test performed in one subject revealed that glucose-stimulated insulin release was restored. Mutations in Kir6.2 were the most frequent cause of PND in our cohort. Apparently insulin-dependent patients with mutations in Kir6.2 may be managed on an oral sulfonylurea with sustained metabolic control rather than insulin injections, illustrating the principle of pharmacogenetics applied in diabetes treatment.

  • EIF2AK3, eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α kinase 3
  • GCK, glucokinase
  • IPF, insulin promoter factor; PND, permanent neonatal diabetes

Neonatal diabetes may be defined as hyperglycemia diagnosed within the first 3 months of life (1). Transient neonatal diabetes is associated with abnormalities in chromosome 6 (2), whereas the permanent form may be caused by mutations in the genes encoding the transcription factors insulin promoter factor (IPF)-1 (3,4), eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α kinase 3 (EIF2AK3) (5), forkhead box-P3 (6), and the glucose-sensing enzyme glucokinase (GCK) (7,8). Gloyn et al. (9) recently identified that the ATP-sensitive K+ channel subunit Kir6.2 can cause PND. We here report nine new cases of PND associated with mutations in the gene KCNJ11 encoding Kir6.2. In addition, we also show that oral therapy with a sulfonylurea drug should be considered in patients with mutations in Kir6.2.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The neither systematic nor population-based screening included 16 referred probands with PND from Norway, Israel, Italy, Turkey, and the U.S. (8,10). Informed consent was obtained from the subjects or their parents. The studies were performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by ethics committees.

Genetic studies.

KCNJ11 encoding Kir6.2 was sequenced as previously described (9). Microsatellite markers localized to four different chromosomes were used to confirm family relationships.

Clinical studies.

A common protocol was carried out for all participating centers. The medical records of mutation carriers were reviewed and the patients subjected to general physical and neurological examinations. Electroencephalograms, electrocardiograms, and echocardiography were performed. Biochemical tests were done after an overnight fast. Assays were chemiluminometric (C-peptides), photometric hexokinase (glucose), and immunoinhibition (HbA1c). Oral tolbutamide tests, meal challenge, and glucagon tests were done as follows: if multiple daily insulin injections were used, nighttime long-acting insulin was withheld. If the patient was on an insulin pump, basal insulin was set to 50%. Breakfast and morning insulin were withheld. For the tolbutamide test, blood was drawn at times −30, −15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 150, and 180 min for serum glucose and C-peptide measurements. Tolbutamide (25 mg/kg) was given orally. The meal challenge included one slice of white bread and 100 ml milk or yogurt or Boost High Protein (6 ml/kg, maximum 300 ml). Blood samples were obtained at times 0, 30, 60, and 90 min. Glucagon (0.03 mg/kg, maximum 1 mg) was given intravenously and blood drawn at times 0, 5, and 10 min for serum glucose and C-peptide measurements. For the treatment protocol, daily insulin requirement and capillary glucose before four to five meals were recorded 2 weeks before, during, and after the trial. If available, a continuous glucose monitoring system was used before, during, and after the trial. Glibenclamide was given with an initial dose of 0.05 mg/kg two times a day, and the dose was increased one to two times a week by 25–100%.

RESULTS

Of 16 case subjects referred with PND, 5 had mutations in GCK, which have been reported elsewhere (7,8). Heterozygous missense mutations were identified in the gene encoding Kir6.2 in 7 of 11 probands with GCK-negative PND and also in two parents (Fig. 1). The novel mutations TTT to GTT, TAC to TGC, and TTT to ATT, corresponding to the predicted amino acid substitutions Phe35Val (F35V), Tyr330Cys (Y330C), Phe333Ile (F333I), respectively, were identified in families N575 (F35V), US4 (Y330C), and N92 (F333I). The mutations CGT to CAT and GTG to ATG, corresponding to the previously described PND-associated amino acid substitutions Val59Met (V59M) and Arg201His (R201H), respectively, were identified in families N546 (V59M), IS3 (V59M), IS4 (V59M), and AA (R201H). The affected amino acid residues 35, 59, 201, 330, and 333 in the Kir6.2 protein are conserved in humans, mouse, and bullfrog. The mutations were not present in 100 nondiabetic Caucasian subjects. In two families, there was vertical transmission of the mutation and diabetes, which occurred either maternally or paternally. In five probands, the mutations arose de novo because the parents were healthy and did not have the mutation. Taken together, there is very strong evidence that the Kir6.2 mutations are the cause of PND in the seven probands.

The clinical features of the nine mutations carriers from the seven families are shown in Table 1. Diabetes was diagnosed at a median age of 6 weeks (range 1–24). All subjects presented with marked hyperglycemia (median 27 mmol/l; range 20–55). Autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes were not present. Basal serum C-peptide concentrations were <0.5 nmol/l, and glucagon-stimulated values were <0.66 nmol/l. Insulin doses before the treatment trial were 0.6 units · kg−1 · day−1 (median, range 0.3–2). Birth weights were all below the mean (median 2,580 g; range 2,100–3,260), and six patients were small for gestational age (<10th percentile). All had normal electrocardiograms and echocardiography. None of the patients had epilepsy. Three subjects, N546, IS3, and IS4, all with the V59M mutation, had (on neurological examination) neurological features with mildly retarded motor and mental development evident in the first years of life. One patient (N546) also had muscle weakness. His developmental delay involved failure to achieve motor, mental, and social milestones appropriate for his age and was judged appropriate for 9 months at 12 months of age. Two subjects (IS3 and IS4) had mildly delayed motor development and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. One of these children (IS4) had pathological electroencephalogram, with few generalized bursts of spike and slow waves. One subject (IS3) had micropenis, but none of the probands had other dysmorphic features. Neither of the patients with neurologic features was reported to have more or longer episodes of hypoglycemia than a typical child with diabetes. Notably, the father in family US4 was evaluated by a geneticist at the age of 8–9 years and was noted as having motor and mental retardation, receiving special education. We have not been able to investigate this subject any further.

Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin secretion by binding to the β-cell’s high-affinity sulfonylurea receptor and closing the ATP-sensitive K+ channels by an ATP-independent mechanism (11). Initial studies in subjects with activating Kir6.2 mutations showed a response to intravenous tolbutamide (9), and we therefore examined the response to an oral sulfonylurea. For practical reasons, initial studies were completed on three patients (probands in families N92 [F333I], AA [R201H], and N546 [V59M]) and are reported here. Oral tolbutamide tolerance tests revealed a maximum serum C-peptide increment from 0.16 to 0.39 for N92 (online appendix 1 [available from http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org]), from 0.10 to 0.60 for AA, and from <0.01 to 0.01 for N546 (not shown). Corresponding plasma glucose decreased from 6.8 to 3.9 (N92), from 11.9 to 5.7 (AA), and from 3.8 to 3.1 mmol/l (N546). This finding prompted us to introduce orally administered glibenclamide. The results for N92 are shown in Fig. 2. Basal and bolus insulin were given with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion as needed. The parents measured capillary glucose before every meal and at bedtime and recorded the patient’s daily insulin requirement. At a glibenclamide dose of 0.1 mg · kg−1 · day−1, the insulin requirement declined, and on 0.4 mg · kg−1 · day−1 glibenclamide, insulin was discontinued. Frequent capillary glucose measurements showed no deterioration as insulin was removed (Figs. 2 and 3). HbA1c for patient N92 was 8.2% (reference value 4.0–6.2) at the start of the treatment protocol, 7.9% when insulin was discontinued, and 6.3% after 6 months off insulin. For subject AA, insulin was weaned and discontinued over a period of 2 weeks with a current glibenclamide dose of 0.4 mg · kg−1 · day−1. HbA1c was 7.1% (reference value 4.0–6.4) before the trial and 6.1% (within normal range) after 3 months off insulin. For N546, insulin was reduced and discontinued after 8 weeks with a current glibenclamide dose of 0.3 mg · kg−1 · day−1. HbA1c was 6.1% (reference value 4.0–6.2) before the trial, 7.1% during the trial, and 6.8% 2 months after the trial. Hence, the metabolic control on oral treatment with a sulfonylurea seemed equivalent compared with treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. The patients remain well and off insulin 6 months (N92), 4 months (AA), and 2 months (N546) into follow-up.

An oral glucose tolerance test in patient N92 (F333I) after insulin was discontinued showed an increment in C-peptide from 0.74 to a maximum of 1.34 nmol/l (not shown), indicating that glucose-stimulated insulin release was restored to some extent on sulfonylurea treatment. This is in line with the clinical observations that three 24-h metabolic profiles revealed wide excursions, but essentially the same pattern before and after sulfonylurea therapy (Fig. 3).

DISCUSSION

Recently, it has been shown (9) that PND can result from mutations in Kir6.2 that reduce the ability for ATP to close the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. This study supports that Kir6.2 mutations can cause PND. We found that 7 of 16 probands with PND had a mutation in KCNJ11 encoding Kir6.2. Because 5 of the 16 probands had mutations in GCK, our findings support mutations in Kir6.2 being the most common cause of PND. Kir6.2-related PND has now been described in patients from Europe, the Middle East, Australia, and North and South America. In this study, five of seven case subjects had de novo mutations, which appear to be a common feature of the syndrome (9). This is an important clinical point as PND due to homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in IPF-1 or GCK are associated with heterozygous mutations in the glucose-intolerant parents (3,4,7,8).

The phenotypic expression of the nine patients presented here is similar to that reported for the first 10 subjects (9). Also our patients did not have type 1 diabetes–associated antibodies and had comparable low levels of basal and glucagon-stimulated C-peptide (9). Moreover, six of the new case subjects were small for gestational age due to intrauterine growth retardation, and all nine exhibited severe hyperglycemia and subsequent exogenous insulin requirement within 6 months after birth. This phenotype resembles a transgenic mouse model expressing a β-cell–specific Kir6.2 protein with reduced ATP sensitivity in which the animals develop hypoinsulinemia, severe hyperglycemia, and ketoacidosis shortly after birth (12). Notably, the patients described here and in Gloyn et al. (9) were diagnosed later and had higher birth weights than subjects with PND due to homozygous GCK mutations (7,8). A similar relationship is seen when the transgenic models are compared: knockout mice for GCK (13) are growth retarded at birth and die somewhat earlier than the Kir6.2 mice mentioned above, which typically live until day 5. Taken together, the data suggest a less severe insulin secretory defect in Kir6.2-mutated than in GCK-deficient patients, at least initially.

Our present case subjects, together with those in the recent report (9), suggest the description in some subjects of a specific syndrome of neonatal diabetes with extra-pancreatic features of muscle weakness and developmental delay. Some patients with the mutation V59M may have neurological features in addition to diabetes, representing a subgroup of PND and supporting a role for Kir6.2 in muscle and cerebral development and function (14). It is interesting that our three probands with neurological affection all had the same mutation. A controlled trial in which an identical neurological evaluation is blindly performed in matched non-Kir6.2 PND patients is required to prove a neurological component in Kir6.2-mutated subjects.

Which cases of neonatal diabetes should be examined for Kir6.2 mutations? Since the subjects here and in Gloyn et al. (9) were negative for type 1 diabetes–associated antibodies and were diagnosed within 24 weeks after birth, we will suggest screening primarily neonates with an antibody-negative form of diabetes diagnosed before 6 months of age.

Although we have not proven that responsiveness to sulfonylurea treatment is a specific characteristic of patients with mutations in Kir6.2, our treatment trial suggests that oral sulfonylureas can replace subcutaneously injected insulin in children with PND due to Kir6.2-activating mutations for up to 6 months. We have not established that the present treatment is better than insulin given as a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. It is, however, very interesting that continuous glucose monitoring systems were comparable during and after insulin treatment and that HbA1c in one patient was stable and in two subjects declined from mildly to moderately elevated values, when the children were on insulin only, to values close to the normal range 4–6 months after insulin was discontinued. We found 0.3–0.4 mg · kg−1 · day−1 to be a suitable glibenclamide dose based on no episodes of hypoglycemia and stable metabolic control. Long-term follow-up and studies of more case subjects including other mutations are needed to evaluate our experience. The present case subjects illustrate the pharmacogenetic principle applied to some diabetic patients, i.e., how genetic definition of the etiology can be used to select optimal treatment (15).

FIG. 1.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
FIG. 1.

Families with permanent neonatal diabetes and mutations in the KCNJ11 gene encoding Kir6.2. The partial pedigrees and the predicted amino acid substitutions F35V, V59M, R201H, Y330C, and F333I are shown. Black squares and circles indicate subjects with neonatal diabetes. A slash mark indicates deceased subjects. Allele status is shown as no mutation (N) and mutation (M). Arrows denote the probands in each family. Amino acids are identified by their single-letter codes.

FIG. 2.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
FIG. 2.

Sulfonylurea treatment in an apparently insulin-dependent infant with PND caused by a mutation in Kir6.2 (N92 carrying the mutation F333I). Measurements of capillary glucose, HbA1c, administered dose of sulfonylurea, and insulin requirement are presented. Each point of capillary glucose (blue) is an average of five to six daily measurements done by a standard glucose meter at home. HbA1c (green) was measured at the hospital. An arrow indicates when orally administered sulfonylurea (glibenclamide) was initiated. The dose was increased every 3 days. The parents reduced the insulin dose (orange) in parallel, according to the capillary glucose measurements at home. As revealed by HbA1c measurements, the metabolic control did not deteriorate 6 months after insulin was discontinued.

  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
FIG. 3.

Frequent capillary glucose measurements in two patients with PND caused by mutations in the gene encoding Kir6.2. A continuous glucose measuring system was recorded in subjects N92 (F333I) (A) and AA (R201H) (B) on 3 consecutive days (one color for each day) before the trial (on insulin only) and 1 month after insulin was discontinued (on sulfonylurea only).

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
TABLE 1

Clinical characteristics of subjects with PND screened for mutations in the gene encoding Kir6.2

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grants from Haukeland University Hospital/Innovest and the University of Bergen. A.T.H. and A.L.G. were supported by the Wellcome Trust. G.I.B. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

We are indebted to the members of the families for their participation in the study and to Ingrid Grønlie for pharmacological advice.

Footnotes

  • Additional information for this article can be found in an online appendix at http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org.

    • Accepted July 8, 2004.
    • Received June 19, 2004.
  • DIABETES

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    Polak M, Shield J: Neonatal and very-early-onset diabetes mellitus. Semin Neonatol9 :59 –65,2004
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    Temple IK, Gardner RJ, Mackay DJ, Barber JC, Robinson DO, Shield JP: Transient neonatal diabetes: widening the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of diabetes. Diabetes49 :1359 –1366,2000
    OpenUrlAbstract
  3. ↵
    Stoffers DA, Zinkin NT, Stanojevic V, Clarke WL, Habener JF: Pancreatic agenesis attributable to a single nucleotide deletion in the human IPF1 gene coding sequence. Nat Genet15 :106 –110,1997
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. ↵
    Schwitzgebel VM, Mamin A, Brun T, Ritz-Laser B, Zaiko M, Maret A, Journayvaz FR, Theintz GE, Michielin O, Melloul D, Philippe J: Agenesis of human pancreas due to decreased half-life of insulin promoter factor 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab88 :4398 –4406,2003
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  5. ↵
    Delepine M, Nicolino M, Barret T, Golamaully M, Lahtrop GM, Julier C: EIF2AK3, encoding translation initiation factor-2 alpha kinase 3, is mutated in patients with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome. Nat Genet25 :406 –409,2000
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. ↵
    Wildin RS, Ramsdell F, Peake J, Faravelli F, Casanova JL, Buist N, Levy-Lahad E, Mazzella M, Goulet O, Perroni L, Bricarelli FD, Byrne G, McEuen M, Proll S, Appleby M, Brunkow ME: X-linked neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy and endocrinopahty syndrome is the human equivalent of mouse scurfy. Nat Genet27 :18 –20,2001
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. ↵
    Njølstad PR, Søvik O, Cuesta-Munoz A, Bjørkhaug L, Massa O, Barbetti F, Undlien DE, Shiota C, Magnuson MA, Molven A, Matschinsky FM, Bell GI: Neonatal diabetes mellitus due to complete glucokinase deficiency. N Engl J Med344 :1588 –1592,2001
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. ↵
    Njølstad PR, Sagen JV, Bjørkhaug L, Odili S, Shehadeh N, Bakry D, Sarici SU, Alpay F, Molnes J, Molven A, Søvik O, Matschinsky FM: Permanent neonatal diabetes caused by glucokinase deficiency: inborn error of the glucose-insulin signaling pathway. Diabetes52 :2854 –2860,2003
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  9. ↵
    Gloyn AL, Pearson ER, Antcliff JF, Proks P, Bruining GJ, Slingerland AS, Howard N, Srinivasan S, Silva JM, Molnes J, Edghill EL, Frayling TM, Temple IK, Mackay D, Shield JP, Sumnik Z, van Rhijn A, Wales JK, Clark P, Gorman S, Aisenberg J, Ellard S, Njølstad PR, Ashcroft FM, Hattersley AT: Activating mutations in the gene encoding the ATP-sensitive potassium channel subunit Kir6.2 and permanent neonatal diabetes. N Engl J Med350 :1838 –1849,2004
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  10. ↵
    Widness JA, Cowett RM, Zeller WP, Susa JB, Rubenstein AH, Schwartz R: Permanent neonatal diabetes in an infant of an insulin-dependent mother. J Pediatr100 :926 –929,1982
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  11. ↵
    Gribble FM, Reimann F: Pharmacological modulation of KATP channels. Biochem Soc Trans30 :333 –339,2002
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  12. ↵
    Koster JC, Marshall BA, Ensor N, Corbett JA, Nichols CG: Targeted overactivity of beta-cell KATP channels induces profound neonatal diabetes. Cell100 :645 –654,2000
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  13. ↵
    Grupe A, Hultgren B, Ryan A, Ma YH, Bauer M, Stewart TA: Transgenic knockouts reveal a critical requirement for pancreatic beta-cell glucokinase in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Cell83 :69 –78,1995
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    Seino S, Miki T: Gene targeting approach to clarification of ion channel function: studies of Kir6.x null mice. J Physiol554 :295 –300,2004
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. ↵
    Pearson ER, Starkey BJ, Powell RJ, Gribble FM, Clark PM, Hattersley AT: Genetic cause of hyperglycemia and response to treatment in diabetes. Lancet362 :1275 –1281,2003
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this Issue

October 2004, 53(10)
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by Author
Sign up to receive current issue alerts
View Selected Citations (0)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Diabetes.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Permanent Neonatal Diabetes due to Mutations in KCNJ11 Encoding Kir6.2
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Diabetes
(Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the Diabetes web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Permanent Neonatal Diabetes due to Mutations in KCNJ11 Encoding Kir6.2
Jørn V. Sagen, Helge Ræder, Eba Hathout, Naim Shehadeh, Kolbeinn Gudmundsson, Halvor Bævre, Dianne Abuelo, Chanika Phornphutkul, Janne Molnes, Graeme I. Bell, Anna L. Gloyn, Andrew T. Hattersley, Anders Molven, Oddmund Søvik, Pål R. Njølstad
Diabetes Oct 2004, 53 (10) 2713-2718; DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.10.2713

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Add to Selected Citations
Share

Permanent Neonatal Diabetes due to Mutations in KCNJ11 Encoding Kir6.2
Jørn V. Sagen, Helge Ræder, Eba Hathout, Naim Shehadeh, Kolbeinn Gudmundsson, Halvor Bævre, Dianne Abuelo, Chanika Phornphutkul, Janne Molnes, Graeme I. Bell, Anna L. Gloyn, Andrew T. Hattersley, Anders Molven, Oddmund Søvik, Pål R. Njølstad
Diabetes Oct 2004, 53 (10) 2713-2718; DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.10.2713
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Tables
  • Suppl Material
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

Cited By...

More in this TOC Section

  • Association of the Diabetes Gene Calpain-10 With Subclinical Atherosclerosis
  • The Rat Diabetes Susceptibility Locus Iddm4 and at Least One Additional Gene Are Required for Autoimmune Diabetes Induced by Viral Infection
  • Genetic Variation at the ACE Gene Is Associated With Persistent Microalbuminuria and Severe Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes
Show more Brief Genetics Report

Similar Articles

Navigate

  • Current Issue
  • Online Ahead of Print
  • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Collections
  • Archives
  • Submit
  • Subscribe
  • Email Alerts
  • RSS Feeds

More Information

  • About the Journal
  • Instructions for Authors
  • Journal Policies
  • Reprints and Permissions
  • Advertising
  • Privacy Policy: ADA Journals
  • Copyright Notice/Public Access Policy
  • Contact Us

Other ADA Resources

  • Diabetes Care
  • Clinical Diabetes
  • Diabetes Spectrum
  • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
  • BMJ Open - Diabetes Research & Care
  • Professional Books
  • Diabetes Forecast

 

  • DiabetesJournals.org
  • Diabetes Core Update
  • ADA's DiabetesPro
  • ADA Member Directory
  • Diabetes.org

© 2021 by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Print ISSN: 0012-1797, Online ISSN: 1939-327X.