Proinflammatory Cytokines, Markers of Cardiovascular Risks, Oxidative Stress, and Lipid Peroxidation in Patients With Hyperglycemic Crises
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIG. 1.
The proinflammatory cytokine levels of IL-8 (A), IL-6 (B), TNF-α (C), and IL-1β (D) measured in the plasma at admission and resolution of the patients in hyperglycemic crisis. The bar graphs show the means ± SE for each of the patient groups: lean DKA (n = 20); obese DKA (n = 28); obese hyperglycemic (n = 10); and lean and obese control subjects (n = 12 each). ☆The admission and resolution levels are significantly different (P ≤ 0.01), and the admission levels are significantly different from the control subjects.
- FIG. 2.
Markers of oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk markers determined in the plasma of the patient groups at admission and resolution of hyperglycemic crisis. The graphs show the means ± SE for each of the patient groups for each of the markers: high-sensitivity CRP, FFAs, homocysteine, DCF reactive, PAI-1, and TBA reactive. ▴, lean DKA (n = 20); ♦, obese DKA (n = 28); •, obese hyperglycemic (n = 10); and ×, lean; □, obese control subjects (n = 12 each). All markers were significantly different at admission compared with at resolution of hyperglycemic crisis except for homocysteine, where only the lean DKA values were significantly different.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Clinical characteristics of hyperglycemic patients on admission
Parameters Lean DKA Obese DKA Obese hyperglycemia Lean control Obese control Patients (n) 20 28 10 12 12 Age (years) 39 ± 2.7 38 ± 2.0 50 ± 3.7 35.7 ± 1.9 36.5 ± 3.1 Sex (M/F) 13/7 20/8 5/5 7/5 4/8 BMI (kg/m2) 22 ± 0.6 33 ± 0.9* 30 ± 0.9* 22 ± 0.7 34 ± 1.6* Temperature (°F) 97.3 ± 0.5 97.2 ± 0.3 98.3 ± 0.2 98.4 ± 0.1 98.5 ± 0.2 HbA1c 12.5 ± 0.4 11.6 ± 0.4 10.8 ± 0.6 5.4 ± 0.5* 5.7 ± 0.7* White blood cell × 106 14.4 ± 0.7 14.2 ± 1.3 11.8 ± 2.0 6.5 ± 0.7* 6.8 ± 0.6* Data are means ± SE.
- *
* P < 0.01 vs. lean DKA on admission.
- TABLE 2
Laboratory values at admission and resolution of patients in hyperglycemic crisis
Lean DKA Obese DKA Obese hyperglycemia Lean control Obese control Admission Resolution Admission Resolution Admission Resolution Blood glucose (mg/dl) 766 ± 72 176 ± 10* 743 ± 60 184 ± 16* 690 ± 66 186 ± 22* 92 ± 1.5* 93 ± 1.7* Serum HCO3 (mEq/l) 6.0 ± .8 20.9 ± .6* 8.3 ± .6 20.5 ± .6* 25 ± .7* 25.6 ± 1.1* 26 ± 1.0* 26 ± 1.5* Venous pH 7.09 ± .03 7.35 ± .01 7.17 ± .02 7.33 ± .01* 7.34 ± .04 7.43 ± .01 — — Osmolality (mOsm/kg) 310 ± 4.3 293 ± 3.1* 317 ± 5.0 294 ± 4.0* 311 ± 9.8 289 ± 5.0* 285 ± 6.0* 286 ± 5.0* β-Hydroxybutyrate (mmol/l) 10.6 ± .7 0.8 ± .2* 8.7 ± .6 1.2 ± .2* 0.5 ± .04* 0.3 ± .03* 0.1 ± .02* 0.1 ± .03* Cortisol (μg/dl) 46.2 ± 2.3 21.7 ± 1.1* 55.4 ± 5.8 24.6 ± 3.6* 23 ± .9* 17.2 ± 1.4* 14 ± 1.2* 13 ± 1.1* GH (ng/ml) 12.3 ± 2.2 3.2 ± 1.0* 10.0 ± 3.1 4.0 ± 1.2* 1.6 ± .3* 0.9 ± .2* 0.8 ± .2* 0.8 ± .2* C-peptide (ng/ml) 0.8 ± .1 0.7 ± .1 1.5 ± .2* 0.8 ± .1 2.5 ± .3* 1.3 ± .4 0.9 ± .2 1.2 ± .3 Data are means ± SE.
- *
* P < 0.01 vs. lean DKA on admission.
- TABLE 3
Markers of cardiovascular risks and oxidative stress at admission and resolution of hyperglycemic crisis
Lean DKA Obese DKA Obese hyperglycemia Lean control Obese control Admission Resolution Admission Resolution Admission Resolution CRP (mg/l) 51 ± 3 28 ± 1*† 59 ± 13 34 ± 9*† 28 ± 6 13 ± 3*† 1 ± 0.2*† 2 ± 0.4*† Homocysteine (μmol/l) 18.8 ± 0.8 14.8 ± 0.7*† 23.6 ± 3.6 21.6 ± 2.8 14.8 ± 1.6 12.4 ± 1.2* 7.2 ± 0.4*† 8.8 ± 1.2*† FFA (mmol/l) 1.6 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1*† 1.4 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1*† 1.2 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.1*† 0.5 ± 0.1*† 0.7 ± 0.1*† DCF (μmol/l) 8.6 ± 0.8 3.7 ± 0.5*† 8.9 ± 1.2 4.1 ± 0.7*† 7.8 ± 0.6 3.8 ± 0.5*† 2.3 ± 0.4*† 3.1 ± 0.6*† TBA (μmol/l) 3.8 ± 0.7 1.3 ± 0.4*† 4.0 ± 0.6 1.6 ± 0.2*† 3.3 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 0.4*† 0.8 ± 0.1*† 0.9 ± 0.1*† PAI-1 (ng/ml) 42.1 ± 12.2 4.2 ± 2.1*† 40.4 ± 12.4 13.0 ± 3.4*† 35.4 ± 9.3 7.3 ± 2.4*† 1.4 ± 0.2*† 2.5 ± 0.4*† Data are means ± SE.
- *
* P < 0.01 vs. lean DKA on admission;
- †
† P < 0.05 vs. admission value of each group.
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