Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients
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Tables
- TABLE 1
Baseline characteristics of the study participants (n = 744)
Variables Control subjects Case subjects P n 496 248 — Sex (% men) 62 62 NS* Age (years) 65 ± 3 66 ± 4 NS* BMI (kg/m2) 26 ± 3 29 ± 4 <0.001 Waist circumference (cm) 93 ± 13 101 ± 14 <0.001 Duration of diabetes (years) 13 ± 3 14 ± 3 NS Oral hypoglycemic agents (%) 61.9 63.3 NS Insulin treatment only (%) 12 14 NS Current smokers (%) 20 22 NS Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 124 ± 13 131 ± 15 <0.001 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 79 ± 12 83 ± 10 <0.001 A1C (%) 6.9 ± 0.8 7.2 ± 0.9 0.059 Triglycerides (mmol/l) 1.24 ± 0.6 1.62 ± 0.9 <0.001 HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) 1.39 ± 0.3 1.25 ± 0.4 <0.001 LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) 3.29 ± 0.4 3.27 ± 0.5 NS AST (units/l) 20 ± 10 26 ± 12 <0.01 ALT (units/l) 23 ± 12 33 ± 14 <0.001 GGT (units/l) 27 ± 14 38 ± 16 <0.001 Microalbuminuria (%) 20 23 NS ATP III–defined metabolic syndrome (%) 52 73 <0.001 NAFLD (%) 56 94 <0.001 Data are the means ± SD, unless otherwise indicated. Differences were assessed by the unpaired t test (for normally distributed variables) and by the χ2 test (for categorical variables).
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* Matched variables.
- TABLE 2
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of factors associated with incident CVD events among type 2 diabetic patients
Variables Univariate Multivariate model 1 Multivariate model 2 Multivariate model 3 NAFLD OR 1.91 1.9 1.84 1.53 95% CI 1.4–2.2 1.4–2.2 1.4–2.1 1.1–1.7 P values 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.02 ATP III–defined metabolic syndrome OR 1.64 1.64 1.62 1.58 95% CI 1.3–2.5 1.3–2.3 1.3–2.1 1.3–2 P values 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 Age OR 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.12 95% CI 1.07–1.16 1.07–1.14 1.07–1.14 1.06–1.14 P values 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Sex OR 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.46 95% CI 1.2–2 1.2–2 1.2–1.9 1.2–1.9 P values 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Diabetes duration OR 1.08 NS NS NS 95% CI 0.8–1.3 NS NS NS P values NS NS NS NS A1C OR 1.51 1.46 NS NS 95% CI 1.1–4.9 1.02–4.2 NS NS P values 0.02 0.05 NS NS Smoking status OR 1.44 1.42 1.40 1.40 95% CI 1.1–2.0 1.1–2.0 1.1–1.9 1.1–1.9 P values 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 LDL cholesterol OR 1.18 NS NS NS 95% CI 0.9–1.4 NS NS NS P values NS NS NS NS GGT OR 1.42 1.40 1.27 NS 95% CI 1.1–2.0 1.1–1.9 1.05–1.7 NS P values 0.001 0.001 0.01 NS Use of medications OR 1.0 NS NS NS 95% CI 0.7–1.2 NS NS NS P values NS NS NS NS Model 1: adjustment for age and sex; model 2: further adjustment for smoking history, diabetes duration, A1C, LDL cholesterol, GGT levels, and use of medications (i.e., hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, or antiplatelet drugs); model 3: additional adjustment for the presence of metabolic syndrome or NAFLD (for the first and second variables in the table) or additional adjustment for the presence of metabolic syndrome and NAFLD (for all other variables in the table).