Skip to main content
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes Care
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • My Cart
  • Follow ada on Twitter
  • RSS
  • Visit ada on Facebook
Diabetes

Advanced Search

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcast
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit Cover Art
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • ADA Peer Review
  • More from ADA
    • Diabetes Care
    • Clinical Diabetes
    • Diabetes Spectrum
    • ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
    • BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Diabetes
Advertisement
  • Home
  • Current
    • Current Issue
    • Online Ahead of Print
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Browse
    • By Topic
    • Issue Archive
    • Saved Searches
    • ADA Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Info
    • About the Journal
    • About the Editors
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Guidance for Reviewers
  • Reprints/Reuse
  • Advertising
  • Subscriptions
    • Individual Subscriptions
    • Institutional Subscriptions and Site Licenses
    • Access Institutional Usage Reports
    • Purchase Single Issues
  • Alerts
    • E­mail Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Podcast
  • Submit
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit Cover Art
    • ADA Journal Policies
    • Instructions for Authors
    • ADA Peer Review
Brief Report

Detailed Investigation of the Role of Common and Low-Frequency WFS1 Variants in Type 2 Diabetes Risk

  1. Katherine A. Fawcett1,
  2. Eleanor Wheeler1,
  3. Andrew P. Morris2,
  4. Sally L. Ricketts3,
  5. Göran Hallmans4,
  6. Olov Rolandsson5,
  7. Allan Daly1,
  8. Jon Wasson6,
  9. Alan Permutt7,
  10. Andrew T. Hattersley8,
  11. Benjamin Glaser9,
  12. Paul W. Franks10,11,
  13. Mark I. McCarthy12,13,14,
  14. Nicholas J. Wareham15,
  15. Manjinder S. Sandhu3,15 and
  16. Inês Barroso1
  1. 1Metabolic Disease Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, U.K.;
  2. 2Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.;
  3. 3Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.;
  4. 4Section for Nutritional Research, Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden;
  5. 5Section for Family Medicine, Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden;
  6. 6Department of Medicine, Metabolism, Diabetes and Lipid Research Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri;
  7. 7Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Diabetes and Lipid Research Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri;
  8. 8Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, U.K.;
  9. 9Endocrine and Metabolism Service, The Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel;
  10. 10Section for Medicine, Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Genetic Epidemiology & Clinical Research Group, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden;
  11. 11Section for Nutritional Research, Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden;
  12. 12Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.;
  13. 13Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, U.K.;
  14. 14Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, U.K.;
  15. 15Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K.
  1. Corresponding author: Inês Barroso, ib1{at}sanger.ac.uk.
Diabetes 2010 Mar; 59(3): 741-746. https://doi.org/10.2337/db09-0920
PreviousNext
  • Article
  • Figures & Tables
  • Suppl Material
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

OBJECTIVE Wolfram syndrome 1 (WFS1) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. In this study we aimed to refine this association and investigate the role of low-frequency WFS1 variants in type 2 diabetes risk.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS For fine-mapping, we sequenced WFS1 exons, splice junctions, and conserved noncoding sequences in samples from 24 type 2 diabetic case and 68 control subjects, selected tagging SNPs, and genotyped these in 959 U.K. type 2 diabetic case and 1,386 control subjects. The same genomic regions were sequenced in samples from 1,235 type 2 diabetic case and 1,668 control subjects to compare the frequency of rarer variants between case and control subjects.

RESULTS Of 31 tagging SNPs, the strongest associated was the previously untested 3′ untranslated region rs1046320 (P = 0.008); odds ratio 0.84 and P = 6.59 × 10−7 on further replication in 3,753 case and 4,198 control subjects. High correlation between rs1046320 and the original strongest SNP (rs10010131) (r2 = 0.92) meant that we could not differentiate between their effects in our samples. There was no difference in the cumulative frequency of 82 rare (minor allele frequency [MAF] <0.01) nonsynonymous variants between type 2 diabetic case and control subjects (P = 0.79). Two intermediate frequency (MAF 0.01–0.05) nonsynonymous changes also showed no statistical association with type 2 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS We identified six highly correlated SNPs that show strong and comparable associations with risk of type 2 diabetes, but further refinement of these associations will require large sample sizes (>100,000) or studies in ethnically diverse populations. Low frequency variants in WFS1 are unlikely to have a large impact on type 2 diabetes risk in white U.K. populations, highlighting the complexities of undertaking association studies with low-frequency variants identified by resequencing.

The post genome-wide association study era presents several challenges. These include fine-mapping association signals to genes and/or variants within the genomic regions of interest, assessing the impact of low frequency variants (not tagged in previous association studies) on diseases/traits, and understanding the functional mechanisms behind genetic associations.

WFS1 encodes wolframin (1,2), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein with a role in ER calcium homeostasis (3–5) and in the ER stress response (6,7). Loss-of-function mutations in WFS1 cause Wolfram syndrome (MIM 222300), which includes young onset nonautoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes (8). Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at WFS1 have recently been shown to be reproducibly associated with type 2 diabetes risk in white European populations (9–11). However, the strongest associated SNP, rs10010131, is intronic and is not associated with WFS1 expression in HapMap lymphoblastoid cell lines (12), suggesting that it is tagging a causal variant(s).

Given the impact of rare and common WFS1 variants on Mendelian and common forms of diabetes, respectively, WFS1 is an excellent candidate gene in which to look for low frequency variants with intermediate effects on diabetes risk. Furthermore, anecdotal evidence suggests increased type 2 diabetes susceptibility in obligate carriers of Wolfram syndrome mutations (13).

We aimed to refine the association between WFS1 common variants and type 2 diabetes by sequencing exons, splice junctions, and conserved intragenic and upstream noncoding regions in a subset of case (n = 24) and control (n = 68) subjects from the Cambridgeshire case-control study. We used these data to select tagging SNPs to capture common (minor allele frequency [MAF] >0.05) and nonsynonymous variants and genotyped these tagging SNPs in two U.K. case-control studies (total 959 case and 1,386 control subjects). Replication studies were conducted in four additional studies: two U.K., one Swedish, and one Ashkenazi (total 3,753 type 2 diabetic case and 4,198 control subjects). We also aimed to test for the presence of independent type 2 diabetes association signals from low-frequency (MAF <0.05) putative functional WFS1 variants by sequencing 1,235 type 2 diabetic case and 1,668 control subjects from two U.K. case-control studies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The Cambridgeshire (14) (552 type 2 diabetic case and 552 control subjects), European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk (15) (417 case and 834 control subjects), Anglo-Danish-Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People With Screen-Detected Diabetes in Primary Care (ADDITION)/Ely (16,17) (926 case and 1,497 control subjects), and Exeter (18–20) (601 case and 610 control subjects) studies comprise white U.K. participants. The Ashkenazi study comprises 930 type 2 diabetic case and 461 control subjects of Ashkenazi Jewish origin (21). The Västerbotten study comprises predominantly northern Swedish whites (1,296 type 2 diabetic case and 1,412 control subjects) (11). The online appendix (available at http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/db09-0920/DC1) describes the cohorts in detail.

PCR and sequencing.

PCR was performed on genomic DNA from Cambridgeshire case-control participants or whole-genome amplified DNA from ADDITION and Ely study participants. Fourteen primer pairs (sequences and cycling conditions available upon request), designed using Primer3 software (http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3/), were required to amplify the eight WFS1 exons, including splice junctions, untranslated regions (UTRs), and selected conserved regions. Coverage is shown in supplemental Fig. 1 in the online appendix. PCR and bi-directional sequencing were performed using standard conditions and following manufacturers' protocols (supplemental Methods). Sequencing reactions were run on ABI3730 capillary machines (Applied Biosystems) and analyzed using an automatic SNP caller, ExoTrace (S. Leonard, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, unpublished data). The results of SNP calling were displayed and low-frequency variants were manually reviewed in a specific implementation of GAP4 (Staden Sequence Analysis Package software). All regions produced usable sequences for >90% of samples.

Tagging SNP selection.

Details are provided in the supplemental Results and supplemental Fig. 2. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was calculated using Haploview version 4.0 (http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview), and pairwise tagging SNPs were selected by Tagger using r2 ≥ 0.8, force including nonsynonymous variants.

Genotyping.

Tagging SNPs were genotyped using the Sequenom iPlex platform, whereas rs1046320 and rs7691824 were genotyped using TaqMan MGB chemistry (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) according to the manufacturers' instructions (conditions and primers available upon request).

Quality control.

Variants were excluded if they departed from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.001) or had low call rates (n < 85%) and/or if there was discrepancy in the call rate between case and control subjects (P < 0.001) (details provided in the online appendix).

Real-time PCR.

The relative expression of rs1046320 alleles was assessed using total RNA from 10 HapMap lymphoblastoid cell lines (12) heterozygous for rs1046320 (six CEU, two YRI, and two CHN) and a TaqMan RNA-to-CT 2-Step Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (primers and probes available upon request). Genomic DNA was used as a control.

Statistical analyses.

Statistical analyses were conducted in StataSE 9. Logistic regression was used to assess the contribution of individual SNPs under a log-additive model (1 df) to risk of type 2 diabetes using study as a categorical covariate. Log-likelihood ratio tests were used to assess whether associated SNPs independently contributed to risk of type 2 diabetes by comparing the log likelihood of a nested model (2 df) containing an associated SNP and study with that of the full model (3 df) also containing the test SNP. The difference in prevalence of type 2 diabetes in carriers versus noncarriers of rare variants was analyzed using Fisher exact test. Power was calculated using the Power and Sample Size Program (22) and Quanto version 1.1.1 (http://hydra.usc.edu/gxe). Fixed-effects meta-analyses were performed using the metan command, combining summary estimates (log odds ratios and lower and upper CIs for each study), weighted using the inverse-variance method. An expectation-maximization algorithm was used to estimate haplotype frequencies, and GENEBPM software was used to cluster haplotypes by allelic make-up and risk of type 2 diabetes to obtain a Bayes' factor (BF) in favor of association (23).

RESULTS

WFS1 tagging SNPs are associated with type 2 diabetes.

Of 31 tagging SNPs, 24 passed quality control and captured 81% of the common (MAF >0.05) and/or nonsynonymous WFS1 variants in the Cambridgeshire case-control samples and 98% of the common WFS1 region variants in HapMap CEU trios.

Eight SNPs were nominally associated with type 2 diabetes risk (P < 0.05) in a pooled analysis of Cambridgeshire and EPIC-Norfolk studies (Table 1). The LD between these eight SNPs (supplemental Table 1) and the consistency of their effect size suggests that they are linked to similar extents with the real causal allele(s). However, we were unable to demonstrate that any of the associated SNPs were contributing to type 2 diabetes risk independently of the other seven (supplemental Table 2).

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
TABLE 1

Association of WFS1 tagging SNPs with type 2 diabetes risk in a pooled analysis of Cambridgeshire and EPIC case-control studies

Replication of the rs1046320 association.

In our data, the strongest association with type 2 diabetes risk (rs1046320, P = 0.008) mapped within a putative functional region (3′ UTR). We therefore genotyped it in four further case-control studies—Exeter, Ashkenazi, ADDITION/Ely, and Västerbotten studies (3,753 case and 4,198 control subjects)—to improve the accuracy of the effect-size estimate and compare it with rs10010131, the strongest SNP from the original study (10,11). In meta-analyses, rs1046320 and rs10010131 demonstrated similar magnitudes of association with type 2 diabetes risk (OR 0.856 [95% CI 0.804–0.912], P = 1.25 × 10−6 and 0.854 [0.800–0.912], P = 2.58 × 10−6, respectively) (Fig. 1). The high correlation between these SNPs in our samples (r2 = 0.92) suggests >100,000 samples would be required to have 80% power to distinguish between their effects with a significance level P < 10−3 (supplemental Fig. 4). In an assessment of the possible function of rs1046320, we found no difference in allele-specific expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines from 10 heterozygous HapMap individuals (data not shown).

FIG. 1.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
FIG. 1.

Meta-analysis of rs1046320 in U.K., Ashkenazi, ADDITION/Ely, and Västerbotten case-control studies. The overall OR is 0.856 (95% CI 0.804–0.912), P = 1.25 × 10−6. Summary statistics from previously published work (11) show that rs10010131 has a comparable overall OR of 0.854 (0.800–0.912), P = 2.58 ×10−6, in the same populations. ES, effect size.

Haplotype analysis.

To test whether haplotypes tag the causal variant(s) better than individual SNPs, we estimated the frequency of haplotypes across 20 genotyped SNPs (excluding three variants with MAF <0.01) in Cambridgeshire and EPIC-Norfolk samples. We found nine haplotypes with MAF >0.01 (supplemental Table 3) that fell into two clusters according to allelic make-up and type 2 diabetes risk (supplemental Fig. 3). One cluster contained haplotypes that are protective against type 2 diabetes relative to the most common haplotype. There were six SNPs (including rs10010131 and rs1046320) that partition the two clusters entirely and, due to high LD between them, were each sufficient to separate the clusters. When the analysis was repeated with haplotypes made up of each SNP in turn, we found the evidence in favor of association was stronger for the single SNPs than for the haplotypes. For the overall haplotype analysis, the estimated log10 BF was 0.64, whereas for the single SNPs, the strongest log10 BF was 1.07 for rs1046320. This suggests that haplotypes made up of SNPs in this study do not tag the causal variant(s) any better than any of the individual SNPs. However, this does not preclude the possibility of independent causal variants in the region that we cannot tag with our SNPs (either pairwise or through the use of haplotypes).

Imputation of nontagging SNPs.

To increase coverage in the region, we imputed missing genotypes at 66 additional loci (supplemental Methods) (Fig. 2). In this analysis, rs1046320 remained the most strongly associated SNP in Cambridgeshire and EPIC-Norfolk studies, except for the imputed intronic rs7691824. However, genotyping of rs7691824 in Cambridgeshire and EPIC studies showed that there were no carriers among our samples.

FIG. 2.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
FIG. 2.

The statistical strength of the association of WFS1 tagging (◇) and imputed (○) SNPs in the context of estimated recombination rates (blue line) and pairwise correlation between rs10010131 and surrounding markers. Red represents r2 > 0.85, orange represents 0.5 < r2 < 0.85, yellow represents 0.2 < r2 < 0.5, and white represents r2 < 0.2.

Deep sequencing summary.

Sequencing of exons, splice junctions, and conserved noncoding regions in 1,235 type 2 diabetic case and 1,668 control subjects from the Cambridgeshire and ADDITION/Ely studies revealed 290 variants (supplemental Table 4). Of 250 rare (MAF <0.01) changes, 94% were novel, demonstrating the value of deep resequencing for identifying rare changes.

Analysis of variants with MAF <0.01.

Given the sample size, our study is underpowered to detect effects of each rare variant tested individually. For example, 76 of the 82 rare, nonsynonymous variants have MAF <0.001, for which we have only 25% power to detect an OR of ∼3. To improve power, we collapsed rare (MAF <0.01) variants together by comparing the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in carriers versus noncarriers. We collapsed only nonsynonymous variants in the first instance, as their relative paucity at higher MAFs in the population suggest they are enriched for functional changes under negative selective pressure (supplemental Fig. 5). However, there was no significant increase in risk of type 2 diabetes in carriers compared with noncarriers (OR 1.04 [95% CI 0.79–1.37], Fisher exact test P = 0.79) (Table 2). Adding rare variants in conserved noncoding sequences and TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/)-predicted miRNA seed sequences to the rare nonsynonymous changes made no material difference (P = 0.67) (Table 2).

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
TABLE 2

Number of case and control subjects carrying nonsynonymous, synonymous, or inferred functional mutations with MAF <0.01 versus wild type

A comparative study of synonymous variants (MAF <0.01), assumed to be functionally neutral, yielded similar results (Table 2). Further exploratory analyses, including examination of mutation load, PANTHER scores, and combined analysis of rare and intermediate frequency variants, also did not yield significant results (supplemental Results and supplemental Table 6).

Predicting variants with deleterious effects on protein function.

To avoid diluting effects of rare (MAF <0.01) nonsynonymous variants on disease risk by pooling them with neutral nonsynonymous changes, we restricted analysis to nonsynonymous changes most likely to impact protein function. Variants were selected based on three criteria 1) previous biochemical evidence that the variant causes loss of wolframin function, 2) previous genetic evidence for involvement in Wolfram syndrome, and 3) predicted deleterious functional effects by three programs: SIFT (http://sift.jcvi.org/), PolyPhen (http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph/), and PANTHER (http://www.pantherdb.org/tools/csnpScoreForm.jsp). Using these criteria, we inferred 23 functionally important mutations (supplemental Table 5), but carriers were at type 2 diabetes risk comparable with that of noncarriers (OR 0.99 [95% CI 0.65–1.48], P > 0.99) (Table 2).

Analysis of variants with MAF 0.01–0.1.

Two nonsynonymous SNPs, V871M and R456H, had MAFs of 0.013 and 0.042, respectively. In single SNP analyses of pooled Cambridgeshire and ADDITION/Ely studies, neither were associated with type 2 diabetes (P = 0.13 and P = 0.25, respectively).

DISCUSSION

We performed a comprehensive fine-mapping and low-frequency variant analysis for WFS1, a locus associated with type 2 diabetes risk (9–11). Using a sequencing, SNP-tagging, and genotyping approach, we identified a number of putative causal variants for type 2 diabetes association. However, due to strong LD between the SNPs within the candidate interval, we were unable to distinguish between their effects on disease risk. None of the associated SNPs have obvious functional properties, and real-time PCR revealed no difference in allele-specific expression of rs1046320 (the strongest associated in this study) in lymphoblastoid cell lines, suggesting this SNP is unlikely to affect mRNA stability or processing in this tissue. However, we cannot rule out rs1046320-associated expression changes in other tissues.

Deep resequencing of WFS1 exons, splice junctions, and conserved noncoding sequences in 1,235 type 2 diabetic case and 1,668 control subjects revealed no statistically significant differences in the cumulative frequency of rare (MAF <0.01) nonsynonymous variants (P = 0.79). Given that ∼8% of study participants carried at least one rare nonsynonymous change, we had >80% power to detect ORs >1.43 at P < 0.05. This study was therefore well powered to detect previously reported effect sizes for rare variants on complex traits (the average being OR 3.74) (24). Restricting the analysis to those variants most likely to be functional reduced the frequency of the exposure (carrier status) to ∼4%, but retained >80% power to detect ORs >1.65. Still, there were no statistical differences between case and control subjects (P > 0.99), suggesting rare variants in WFS1 do not have a large impact (ORs >2) on type 2 diabetes risk. It is worth noting that our analyses assumed all rare variants have the same direction of effect. Our power to detect significant effects on type 2 diabetes would have been reduced if the variants were a mixture of protective and susceptibility alleles. Finally, our study had >80% power to detect moderate effect sizes of intermediate-frequency SNPs V871M and R456H on risk of type 2 diabetes (ORs >1.93 and >1.45, respectively), though neither were statistically associated with type 2 diabetes (P = 0.13 and P = 0.25). Selecting case subjects enriched for early onset/family history of the disease might have increased our power to find rarer variants of slightly higher penetrance that might segregate in the family. However, this kind of analysis was not feasible in our study, as we have no DNA from family members.

Our attempts to refine the WFS1 association signal demonstrate that while high LD is useful for minimizing the amount of genotyping required to discover a genetic association, it can compromise attempts to further refine the association signal. Studying populations with different and/or weaker patterns of LD may help refine signals. For example, the LD block spanning the WFS1 gene is more fragmented in HapMap samples of African descent, and correlation between SNPs is generally weaker (r2 = 0.204 between SNPs rs10010131 and rs1046320 in YRI HapMap samples compared with r2 > 0.92 in CEU samples). In this setting, studies with ∼10,000 samples (compared with >100,000) would be well powered to distinguish their effects (supplemental Fig. 4), assuming that this locus is associated with type 2 diabetes in this population. An alternative strategy is to test SNPs within the candidate region for association with proximal traits, which may provide greater power to distinguish between SNP effects (25).

Limitations of our fine-mapping study design are that we were underpowered to detect associations with SNPs at MAF <0.05, and we limited sequencing to regions most likely to harbor functional variation. Though we were able to impute 66 additional known SNPs in the region (most common and in high LD [r2 > 0.8] with directly genotyped SNPs), 7 had MAF <0.05 and were not well correlated (r2 < 0.8) with genotyped SNPs. As illustrated by follow-up genotyping of the imputed SNP (rs7691824), monomorphic in our samples, imputation of rare variants is less accurate. This could potentially lead to false negative results if rare variants of poorer imputation quality have larger effect sizes than more common SNPs.

In conclusion, we have undertaken the most comprehensive fine-mapping and rare variant analysis in a type 2 diabetes gene to date. We identified six SNPs that have comparable associations with type 2 diabetes ranging from ORs of 0.85 to –0.87. We also show that low-frequency variants in putative functional regions of WFS1 are not associated with diabetes risk in our U.K. populations. Future whole exome/genome resequencing studies should consider that functionality of rare variants is difficult to predict and that pooling variants and candidate genes together for purposes of analysis might diminish the power to detect true risk alleles.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I.B. acknowledges funding from Wellcome Trust Grant 077016/Z/05/Z and European Union contract LSHM-CT-2006-037197. Work on the Umeå cohorts was supported in part by grants from Novo Nordisk, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, and the Heart Foundation of Northern Sweden (all to P.W.F.). S.L.R. is funded by the British Heart Foundation. The Ashkenazi Jewish cohort was ascertained by the Israel Diabetes Research Group, with support from the Russell Berrie Foundation, d-Cure, Diabetes Care in Israel, and an unrestricted research grant from Novo Nordisk, Denmark. I.B. and her spouse report stock in GlaxoSmithKline and Incyte. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

We thank the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute high-throughput sequencing facility and informatics team (team leader, Sarah Hunt) for their technical support. We thank Jason Cooper at the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, for calculating power to distinguish correlated SNPs and providing supplemental Figure 4. We also thank Åsa Agren, Kerstin Enquist, and other staff of the Umeå Medical Biobank for their cooperation and expertise in sample retrieval and data organization.

Footnotes

  • The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

    • Received June 22, 2009.
    • Accepted December 10, 2009.
  • Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for details.

  • © 2010 by the American Diabetes Association.

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    1. Inoue H,
    2. Tanizawa Y,
    3. Wasson J,
    4. Behn P,
    5. Kalidas K,
    6. Bernal-Mizrachi E,
    7. Mueckler M,
    8. Marshall H,
    9. Donis-Keller H,
    10. Crock P,
    11. Rogers D,
    12. Mikuni M,
    13. Kumashiro H,
    14. Higashi K,
    15. Sobue G,
    16. Oka Y,
    17. Permutt MA
    : A gene encoding a transmembrane protein is mutated in patients with diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy (Wolfram syndrome). Nat Genet 1998; 20: 143– 148
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. ↵
    1. Strom TM,
    2. Hörtnagel K,
    3. Hofmann S,
    4. Gekeler F,
    5. Scharfe C,
    6. Rabl W,
    7. Gerbitz KD,
    8. Meitinger T
    : Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness (DIDMOAD) caused by mutations in a novel gene (wolframin) coding for a predicted transmembrane protein. Hum Mol Genet 1998; 7: 2021– 2028
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  3. ↵
    1. Osman AA,
    2. Saito M,
    3. Makepeace C,
    4. Permutt MA,
    5. Schlesinger P,
    6. Mueckler M
    : Wolframin expression induces novel ion channel activity in endoplasmic reticulum membranes and increases intracellular calcium. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 52755– 52762
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. ↵
    1. Takeda K,
    2. Inoue H,
    3. Tanizawa Y,
    4. Matsuzaki Y,
    5. Oba J,
    6. Watanabe Y,
    7. Shinoda K,
    8. Oka Y
    : WFS1 (Wolfram syndrome 1) gene product: predominant subcellular localization to endoplasmic reticulum in cultured cells and neuronal expression in rat brain. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10: 477– 484
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  5. ↵
    1. Takei D,
    2. Ishihara H,
    3. Yamaguchi S,
    4. Yamada T,
    5. Tamura A,
    6. Katagiri H,
    7. Maruyama Y,
    8. Oka Y
    : WFS1 protein modulates the free Ca(2+) concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum. FEBS Lett 2006; 580: 5635– 5640
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. ↵
    1. Fonseca SG,
    2. Fukuma M,
    3. Lipson KL,
    4. Nguyen LX,
    5. Allen JR,
    6. Oka Y,
    7. Urano F
    : WFS1 is a novel component of the unfolded protein response and maintains homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum in pancreatic beta-cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 39609– 39615
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  7. ↵
    1. Ueda K,
    2. Kawano J,
    3. Takeda K,
    4. Yujiri T,
    5. Tanabe K,
    6. Anno T,
    7. Akiyama M,
    8. Nozaki J,
    9. Yoshinaga T,
    10. Koizumi A,
    11. Shinoda K,
    12. Oka Y,
    13. Tanizawa Y
    : Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces Wfs1 gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells via transcriptional activation. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 153: 167– 176
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. ↵
    1. Wolfram DJ,
    2. Wagener HP
    : Diabetes mellitus and simple optic atrophy among siblings: report of four cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1938; 13: 715– 718
    OpenUrl
  9. ↵
    1. Minton JA,
    2. Hattersley AT,
    3. Owen K,
    4. McCarthy MI,
    5. Walker M,
    6. Latif F,
    7. Barrett T,
    8. Frayling TM
    : Association studies of genetic variation in the WFS1 gene and type 2 diabetes in U.K. populations. Diabetes 2002; 51: 1287– 1290
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  10. ↵
    1. Sandhu MS,
    2. Weedon MN,
    3. Fawcett KA,
    4. Wasson J,
    5. Debenham SL,
    6. Daly A,
    7. Lango H,
    8. Frayling TM,
    9. Neumann RJ,
    10. Sherva R,
    11. Blech I,
    12. Pharoah PD,
    13. Palmer CN,
    14. Kimber C,
    15. Tavendale R,
    16. Morris AD,
    17. McCarthy MI,
    18. Walker M,
    19. Hitman G,
    20. Glaser B,
    21. Permutt MA,
    22. Hattersley AT,
    23. Wareham NJ,
    24. Barroso I
    : Common variants in WFS1 confer risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 2007; 39: 951– 953
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  11. ↵
    1. Franks PW,
    2. Rolandsson O,
    3. Debenham SL,
    4. Fawcett KA,
    5. Payne F,
    6. Dina C,
    7. Froguel P,
    8. Mohlke KL,
    9. Willer C,
    10. Olsson T,
    11. Wareham NJ,
    12. Hallmans G,
    13. Barroso I,
    14. Sandhu MS
    : Replication of the association between variants in WFS1 and risk of type 2 diabetes in European populations. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 458– 463
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  12. ↵
    1. Stranger BE,
    2. Forrest MS,
    3. Clark AG,
    4. Minichiello MJ,
    5. Deutsch S,
    6. Lyle R,
    7. Hunt S,
    8. Kahl B,
    9. Antonarakis SE,
    10. Tavare S,
    11. Deloukas P,
    12. Dermitzakis ET
    : Genome-wide associations of gene expression variation in humans. PLoS Genet 2005; 1: e78
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  13. ↵
    1. Fraser FC,
    2. Gunn T
    : Diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and optic atrophy. An autosomal recessive syndrome? J Med Genet 1977; 14: 190– 193
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. ↵
    1. Rathmann W,
    2. Haastert B,
    3. Icks A,
    4. Giani G,
    5. Hennings S,
    6. Mitchell J,
    7. Curran S,
    8. Wareham NJ
    : Low faecal elastase 1 concentrations in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 1056– 1061
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. ↵
    1. Harding AH,
    2. Day NE,
    3. Khaw KT,
    4. Bingham S,
    5. Luben R,
    6. Welsh A,
    7. Wareham NJ
    : Dietary fat and the risk of clinical type 2 diabetes: the European prospective investigation of Cancer-Norfolk study. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 73– 82
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. ↵
    1. Lauritzen T,
    2. Griffin S,
    3. Borch-Johnsen K,
    4. Wareham NJ,
    5. Wolffenbuttel BH,
    6. Rutten G
    :; the Anglo-Danish-Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen Detected Diabetes in Primary Care. The ADDITION study: proposed trial of the cost-effectiveness of an intensive multifactorial intervention on morbidity and mortality among people with type 2 diabetes detected by screening. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24( Suppl. 3): S6– S11
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  17. ↵
    1. Wareham NJ,
    2. Hennings SJ,
    3. Byrne CD,
    4. Hales CN,
    5. Prentice AM,
    6. Day NE
    : A quantitative analysis of the relationship between habitual energy expenditure, fitness and the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome. Br J Nutr 1998; 80: 235– 241
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  18. ↵
    1. Frayling TM,
    2. Walker M,
    3. McCarthy MI,
    4. Evans JC,
    5. Allen LI,
    6. Lynn S,
    7. Ayres S,
    8. Millauer B,
    9. Turner C,
    10. Turner RC,
    11. Sampson MJ,
    12. Hitman GA,
    13. Ellard S,
    14. Hattersley AT
    : Parent-offspring trios: a resource to facilitate the identification of type 2 diabetes genes. Diabetes 1999; 48: 2475– 2479
    OpenUrlAbstract
  19. ↵
    1. Knight B,
    2. Shields BM,
    3. Hattersley AT
    : The Exeter Family Study of Childhood Health (EFSOCH): study protocol and methodology. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2006; 20: 172– 179
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  20. ↵
    1. Owen K,
    2. Hattersley AT
    : Maturity-onset diabetes of the young: from clinical description to molecular genetic characterization. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 15: 309– 323
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. ↵
    1. Permutt MA,
    2. Wasson JC,
    3. Suarez BK,
    4. Lin J,
    5. Thomas J,
    6. Meyer J,
    7. Lewitzky S,
    8. Rennich JS,
    9. Parker A,
    10. DuPrat L,
    11. Maruti S,
    12. Chayen S,
    13. Glaser B
    : A genome scan for type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci in a genetically isolated population. Diabetes 2001; 50: 681– 685
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. ↵
    1. Dupont WD,
    2. Plummer WD Jr
    : Power and sample size calculations: a review and computer program. Control Clin Trials 1990; 11: 116– 128
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. ↵
    1. Morris AP
    : Direct analysis of unphased SNP genotype data in population-based association studies via Bayesian partition modelling of haplotypes. Genet Epidemiol 2005; 29: 91– 107
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. ↵
    1. Bodmer W,
    2. Bonilla C
    : Common and rare variants in multifactorial susceptibility to common diseases. Nat Genet 2008; 40: 695– 701
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  25. ↵
    1. Plagnol V,
    2. Smyth DJ,
    3. Todd JA,
    4. Clayton DG
    : Statistical independence of the colocalized association signals for type 1 diabetes and RPS26 gene expression on chromosome 12q13. Biostatistics 2009; 10: 327– 334
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
View Abstract
PreviousNext
Back to top
Advertisement

In this Issue

March 2010, 59(3)
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by Author
Sign up to receive current issue alerts
View Selected Citations (0)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Diabetes.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Detailed Investigation of the Role of Common and Low-Frequency WFS1 Variants in Type 2 Diabetes Risk
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Diabetes
(Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the Diabetes web site.
Citation Tools
Detailed Investigation of the Role of Common and Low-Frequency WFS1 Variants in Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Katherine A. Fawcett, Eleanor Wheeler, Andrew P. Morris, Sally L. Ricketts, Göran Hallmans, Olov Rolandsson, Allan Daly, Jon Wasson, Alan Permutt, Andrew T. Hattersley, Benjamin Glaser, Paul W. Franks, Mark I. McCarthy, Nicholas J. Wareham, Manjinder S. Sandhu, Inês Barroso
Diabetes Mar 2010, 59 (3) 741-746; DOI: 10.2337/db09-0920

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Add to Selected Citations
Share

Detailed Investigation of the Role of Common and Low-Frequency WFS1 Variants in Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Katherine A. Fawcett, Eleanor Wheeler, Andrew P. Morris, Sally L. Ricketts, Göran Hallmans, Olov Rolandsson, Allan Daly, Jon Wasson, Alan Permutt, Andrew T. Hattersley, Benjamin Glaser, Paul W. Franks, Mark I. McCarthy, Nicholas J. Wareham, Manjinder S. Sandhu, Inês Barroso
Diabetes Mar 2010, 59 (3) 741-746; DOI: 10.2337/db09-0920
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • Footnotes
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Tables
  • Suppl Material
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Advertisement

Related Articles

Cited By...

More in this TOC Section

Brief Report

  • BDNF Action in the Brain Attenuates Diabetic Hyperglycemia via Insulin-Independent Inhibition of Hepatic Glucose Production
  • The Influence of Obesity-Related Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on BMI Across the Life Course
  • Immune Therapy and β-Cell Death in Type 1 Diabetes
Show more Brief Report

Genetics

  • PTPN2, a Candidate Gene for Type 1 Diabetes, Modulates Pancreatic β-Cell Apoptosis via Regulation of the BH3-Only Protein Bim
  • Single Insulin-Specific CD8+ T Cells Show Characteristic Gene Expression Profiles in Human Type 1 Diabetes
  • Cesarean Section and Interferon-Induced Helicase Gene Polymorphisms Combine to Increase Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Risk
Show more Genetics

Similar Articles

Navigate

  • Current Issue
  • Online Ahead of Print
  • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Collections
  • Archives
  • Submit
  • Subscribe
  • Email Alerts
  • RSS Feeds

More Information

  • About the Journal
  • Instructions for Authors
  • Journal Policies
  • Reprints and Permissions
  • For Advertisers
  • Privacy Policy: ADA Journals
  • Copyright Notice/Public Access Policy
  • Contact Us

Other ADA Resources

  • Diabetes Care
  • Clinical Diabetes
  • Diabetes Spectrum
  • Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
  • BMJ Open - Diabetes Research & Care
  • Scientific Sessions Abstracts
  • Professional Books
  • Diabetes Forecast

 

  • DiabetesJournals.org
  • Diabetes Core Update
  • ADA's DiabetesPro
  • ADA Member Directory
  • Diabetes.org
Advertisement

© 2019 by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Print ISSN: 0012-1797, Online ISSN: 1939-327X.