Postprandial Administration of Intranasal Insulin Intensifies Satiety and Reduces Intake of Palatable Snacks in Women
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Figures
- FIG. 1.
Experimental procedures. A: In experiment I, healthy young women consumed lunch at 1230 h and were intranasally administered insulin (160 IU; n = 15) or placebo (n = 15) at 1300 h. At 1500 h, free lunch recall took place, and 5 min later, snack intake was assessed with the participants assuming a taste rating task. Throughout the session, vigilance, mood, appetite, and thirst were assessed, and blood samples were taken (syringe symbols). B: In experiment II, insulin and placebo administration, respectively, took place at 1000 h and snack intake was assessed at 1215 h immediately after lunch serving as a preload (n = 13). The interval between insulin administration and snack intake assessment was kept constant between both experiments.
- FIG. 2.
Appetite and snack intake in experiments I and II. A: Appetite rated on visual analog scales anchored at 0 and 100 throughout experiment I in a group of subjects who were intranasally administered insulin (160 IU; black dots and solid lines; n = 15) at 1300 h (nose symbol) and a placebo control group (white dots and dashed lines; n = 15). Lunch was consumed at 1230 h and snacks were offered at 1505 h. B: Snack intake (kcal) assessed at 1505 h under the pretext of a taste rating session in the placebo group (white bars) and the insulin group (black bars) of experiment I. Three different types of cookies were offered. C: Snack palatability rated on visual analog scales anchored at 0 (not palatable) and 100 (highly palatable) during the snack test at 1505 h (experiment I). *P < 0.05 for comparisons between groups (t tests). D–F: Respective results obtained in the 13 subjects of experiment II who were intranasally administered insulin (160 IU; black dots, solid lines) (D; nose symbol) and placebo (white dots, dashed lines), respectively, at 1000 h. The snack test took place at 1215 h. Values are means ± SE.
- FIG. 3.
Plasma glucose and hormonal parameters in experiment I. Concentrations of plasma glucose (A), serum C-peptide (B), serum insulin (C), serum leptin (D), and plasma ghrelin (E) measured throughout experiment I in a group of subjects who were intranasally administered insulin (160 IU; black dots and solid lines; n = 15) at 1300 h (nose symbol) and a placebo control group (white dots and dashed lines; n = 15). Lunch was consumed at 1230 h, and snacks were offered at 1505 h. Values are means ± SE. *P < 0.05 for comparisons between groups (t tests).
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