Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Augments Glucagon Responses to Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1
Plasma glucose and hormones. Plasma/serum glucose (A), intact GIP (B), total GLP-1 (C), insulin (D), and glucagon (E) during insulin-induced hypoglycemia with intravenous infusion of GIP (red diamonds), GLP-1 (blue hexagons), or saline (white squares). Data are means ± SEM. Cumulated glucose infusions are depicted as bar graphs (A). Statistical analyses were done with repeated-measures ANOVA; adifferences over time, bdifferences between the groups, abdifferences owing to interaction between group and time. Posttests at individual time points were by Holm-Šídák multiple comparisons tests. Significant differences are indicated by asterisks: *P < 0.05, **P = 0.001 to 0.01, ****P < 0.0001.
- Figure 2
Glucose kinetics. Ra (A), glucose Rd (B), rate of endogenous glucose production (C), and glucose infusion rate in 15-min intervals (D) during insulin-induced hypoglycemia with intravenous infusion of GIP (red diamonds), GLP-1 (blue hexagons), or saline (white squares). Data are means ± SEM. Statistical analyses were done with repeated-measures ANOVA; adifferences over time, bdifferences between the groups, abdifferences owing to interaction between group and time. Posttests at individual time points were by Holm-Šídák multiple comparisons tests. Significant differences are indicated by asterisks: *P < 0.05, **P = 0.001–0.01, ***P = 0.0001–0.001.
- Figure 3
Serum FFAs and glycerol kinetics. Plasma/serum FFAs (A), glycerol (B), glycerol Ra (C), and glycerol Rd (D) during insulin-induced hypoglycemia with intravenous infusion of GIP (red diamonds), GLP-1 (blue hexagons), or saline (white squares). Data are means ± SEM. Statistical analyses were done with repeated-measures ANOVA; adifferences over time, bdifferences between the groups, abdifferences owing to interaction between group and time. Posttests at individual time points were by Holm-Šídák multiple comparisons tests. *Significant (P < 0.05) difference.
- Figure 4
Hypoglycemia symptoms and cognitive function score. Hypoglycemia symptom scores (A) and cognitive function scores (B) depicted as the difference between baseline (time −60 min) and hypoglycemia (time 65 min) during infusion of GIP (red), GLP-1 (blue), or saline (white). Hypoglycemia symptoms were graded using the Edinburgh Hypoglycemia Scale, which is a Likert scale of symptom scores from 1 (not present) to 7 (very intense). Cognitive functions scores are based on the Trail Making Test, which measures time to finish in seconds (B [left y-axis]), and the Stroop test, which measures items named during a 45-s period (B [right y-axis]). Results are depicted as box and whiskers (minimum to maximum). No significant differences between study days were observed.
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