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Obesity Studies

Objectively Measured Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Genetic Predisposition to Obesity in U.S. Hispanics/Latinos: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

  1. Jee-Young Moon1,
  2. Tao Wang1,
  3. Tamar Sofer2,
  4. Kari E. North3,
  5. Carmen R. Isasi1,
  6. Jianwen Cai3,
  7. Marc D. Gellman4,
  8. Ashley E. Moncrieft4,
  9. Daniela Sotres-Alvarez3,
  10. Maria Argos5,
  11. Robert C. Kaplan1 and
  12. Qibin Qi1⇑
  1. 1Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
  2. 2Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
  3. 3Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
  4. 4Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL
  5. 5Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
  1. Corresponding author: Qibin Qi, qibin.qi{at}einstein.yu.edu.
Diabetes 2017 Dec; 66(12): 3001-3012. https://doi.org/10.2337/db17-0573
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    Figure 1

    Associations of total physical activity, MVPA, and sedentary behavior with BMI and other adiposity traits according to tertiles (T) of overall GRS. Data are effect sizes per 100 counts/min increments of total physical activity, per 10-min increment of MVPA, and per 1-h increment of sedentary time for BMI, fat mass, fat percentage, fat mass index, fat-free mass, and waist circumference, adjusting for sampling weight, field center, age, sex, the five principal components for population structure, education, income, employment, smoking, alcohol use, energy intake, and AHEI as fixed effects, and genetic relatedness, household, and block groups as random effects. Diff, difference; Pint, Pinteraction.

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    Figure 2

    Interactions of total physical activity, MVPA, and sedentary behavior with the overall GRS for obesity risk. Data are odds ratios (95% CIs) for obesity risk (BMI ≥30 vs. <30 kg/m2) per 1-SD increment of the overall GRS according to tertiles (T) of total physical activity, MVPA, and sedentary behavior, adjusting for sampling weight, field center, age, sex, five principal components for population structure, education, income, employment, smoking, alcohol use, energy intake, and AHEI as fixed effects, and genetic relatedness, household, and block groups as random effects.

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    Figure 3

    BMI among individuals grouped by tertiles (T) of the overall GRS and tertiles of total physical activity (A), MVPA (B), and sedentary time (C). Solid lines indicate the estimated BMI levels across tertiles of total physical activity, MVPA, or sedentary behavior by individuals with low (GRS T1), medium (GRS T2) and high (GRS T3) genetic risk for obesity. Dashed lines indicate the projected BMI levels among individuals with medium (GRS T2) and high (GRS T3) genetic risk for obesity, assuming no gene–environment interactions. The dashed lines are parallel to the black solid line of the estimated BMI levels among individuals with low genetic risk (GRS T1) for obesity. Values are means (95% CIs), adjusted for sampling weight, field center, age, sex, five principal components for population structure, education, income, employment, smoking, alcohol use, energy intake, and AHEI as fixed effects, and genetic relatedness, household, and block groups as random effects.

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    Figure 4

    Interactions of MVPA and sedentary behavior with the CNS-related GRS and the non-CNS-related GRS on BMI, body composition measures, and waist circumference. Data are effect sizes (95% CIs) per 1-SD increment of the CNS-related GRS and the non-CNS-related GRS on BMI, fat mass, fat percentage, fat mass index, fat-free mass, and waist circumference, adjusting for sampling weight, field center, age, sex, five principal components for population structure, education, income, employment, smoking, alcohol use, energy intake, and AHEI as fixed effects, and genetic relatedness, household, and block groups as random effects. Diff, difference; Pint, Pinteraction; T, tertile.

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  • Table 1

    Characteristics of Hispanics/Latinos with accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in the HCHS/SOL

    Total physical activity 
(average counts/min)MVPA 
(min/day)Sedentary time 
(h/day)
    T1T2T3P valueT1T2T3P valueT1T2T3P value
    Median (range)77 (4–108)139 (108–177)242 (177–1,526)3.3 (0–8.2)14.5 (8.2–23.4)38.4 (23.4–377)10.3 (0.8–11.4)12.1 (11.4–12.7)13.5 (12.7–16)
    Individuals, n3,2113,2313,2033,2383,2243,1833,2223,1863,237
    Total physical activity, counts/min75 ± 1141 ± 1286 ± 4—90 ± 1145 ± 1271 ± 4<0.001271 ± 5158 ± 294 ± 1<0.001
    MVPA, min/day6.0 ± 0.216.9 ± 0.345.2 ± 1.0<0.0013.7 ± 0.115.2 ± 0.148.8 ± 0.9—37.3 ± 1.221.1 ± 0.613.5 ± 0.5<0.001
    Sedentary time, hours/day13.4 ± 0.0212.01 ± 0.0210.5 ± 0.04<0.00112.7 ± 0.0412 ± 0.0411.1 ± 0.05<0.00110 ± 0.0412.1 ± 0.0113.6 ± 0.02—
    Age, years48.1 ± 0.540.4 ± 0.437.5 ± 0.4<0.00148.3 ± 0.540.2 ± 0.437.4 ± 0.4<0.00139.2 ± 0.441.1 ± 0.444.7 ± 0.5<0.001
    Field center, %<0.001<0.001<0.001
     Bronx30 (2)27 (2)27 (2)17 (2)24 (2)41 (2)20 (2)25 (2)39 (2)
     Chicago13 (1)14 (1)17 (1)12 (1)17.2 (1)15 (1)20 (1)14 (1)11 (1)
     Miami40 (3)33 (3)26 (2)49 (3)31 (3)21 (2)30 (2)35 (3)33 (3)
     San Diego17 (2)25 (2)30 (2)22 (2)28 (2)24 (2)31 (2)26 (2)17 (2)
    BMI, kg/m230.4 ± 0.229.2 ± 0.228.4 ± 0.1<0.00130.3 ± 0.229.5 ± 0.228.2 ± 0.1<0.00128.8 ± 0.129.2 ± 0.229.7 ± 0.2<0.001
    Fat mass, kg29.6 ± 0.426.8 ± 0.323.9 ± 0.3<0.00129.5 ± 0.327.3 ± 0.523.5 ± 0.3<0.00131.3 ± 0.326.8 ± 0.327.9 ± 0.4<0.001
    Fat percentage, %36.1 ± 0.333.2 ± 0.329.8 ± 0.2<0.00136.3 ± 0.333.1 ± 0.329.6 ± 0.2<0.00131.3 ± 0.333.1 ± 0.334.0 ± 0.3<0.001
    Fat mass index, kg/m211.3 ± 0.110.1 ± 0.18.8 ± 0.1<0.00111.3 ± 0.110.2 ± 0.28.7 ± 0.1<0.0019.4 ± 0.110.1 ± 0.110.5 ± 0.1<0.001
    Fat-free mass, kg50.2 ± 0.351.3 ± 0.354.2 ± 0.3<0.00149.8 ± 0.352.1 ± 0.353.8 ± 0.3<0.00153.0 ± 0.351.6 ± 0.351.5 ± 0.3<0.001
    Fat-free mass index, kg/m219.0 ± 0.119.1 ± 0.119.6 ± 0.1<0.00118.9 ± 0.119.3 ± 0.119.5 ± 0.1<0.00119.5 ± 0.119.5 ± 0.119.5 ± 0.1<0.001
    Waist circumference, cm100 ± 0.497 ± 0.495 ± 0.3<0.001100 ± 0.498 ± 0.595 ± 0.4<0.00196 ± 0.397 ± 0.498 ± 0.4<0.001
    Women, %63.5 (1.3)54.9 (1.4)36.0 (1.2)<0.00165.6 (1.3)51.1 (1.4)37.4 (1.2)<0.00143.3 (1.3)53.6 (1.3)54.9 (1.3)<0.001
    Genetically identified Hispanic/Latino group, %<0.001<0.001<0.001
     Central American7 (1)8 (1)9 (1)8 (1)8 (1)9 (1)10 (1)7 (1)8 (2)
     Cuban33 (3)24 (2)18 (2)39 (3)22 (2)15 (1)21 (2)27 (2)26.9 (2)
     Dominican13 (2)11 (1)8 (1)8 (2)9 (1)13 (1)6 (1)8 (1)17 (3)
     Mexican24 (2)37 (2)43 (2)28 (2)40 (2)37 (2)46 (2)36 (2)23 (2)
     Puerto Rican18 (1)14 (1)16 (1)12 (1)15 (1)20 (1)13 (1)16 (1)19 (1)
     South American6 (1)6 (1)6 (1)5 (1)6 (1)7 (1)5 (1)7 (1)6 (1)
    Education, %<0.001<0.001<0.001
     <High school36 (2)30 (1)29 (1)34 (1)30 (1)31 (1)32 (1)29 (1)34 (1)
     High school26 (2)28 (1)31 (1)26 (2)27 (1)31 (1)31 (1)28 (1)26 (2)
     College degree39 (2)42 (1)40 (1)40 (2)43 (2)39 (2)38 (2)43 (1)40 (2)
    Annual family income ($), %<0.001<0.001<0.001
     <20,00053 (2)44 (2)41 (2)51 (2)43 (2)44 (2)41 (2)45 (2)51 (2)
     20,000–50,00036 (2)42 (1)44 (2)38 (2)43 (1)42 (2)47 (2)39 (1)37 (2)
     >50,00011 (1)14 (1)15 (2)11 (1)15 (1)14 (1)12 (1)16 (1)13 (1)
    Employment, %<0.001<0.001<0.001
     Retired and not currently employed17 (1)6 (1)4 (0.4)15 (1)7 (1)5 (1)3 (0.4)7 (1)16 (1)
     Not retired and not currently employed50 (2)41 (1)32 (1)47 (2)38 (1)36 (1)27 (1)45 (1)49 (2)
     Employed part-time (≤35 h/week)12 (1)17 (1)21 (1)13 (1)18 (1)20 (1)22 (1)17 (1)13 (1)
     Employed full-time (>35 h/week)21 (1)36 (1)44 (1)26 (1)37 (1)39 (1)49 (1)31 (1)23 (1)
    Current smoker, %19 (1)20 (1)23 (1)<0.00119 (1)21 (1)22 (1)<0.00123 (1)22 (1)18 (1)<0.001
    Alcohol consumption, servings/day0.22 ± 0.010.29 ± 0.010.34 ± 0.01<0.0010.24 ± 0.020.29 ± 0.010.32 ± 0.01<0.0010.33 ± 0.010.28 ± 0.010.25 ± 0.02<0.001
    Alcohol use, %<0.001<0.001<0.001
     No current use56 (2)49 (1)41 (1)57 (2)46 (2)43 (1)44 (1)48 (1)52 (2)
     Low use39 (2)46 (1)52 (1)38 (1)48 (2)51 (1)49 (2)46 (1)43 (2)
     High use*4 (1)6 (1)7 (1)5 (1)5 (1)6 (1)7 (1)6 (1)5 (1)
    Total energy intake, kcal/day1,757 ± 211,904 ± 212,095 ± 22<0.0011,816 ± 201,934 ± 232,022 ± 24<0.0012,076 ± 221,913 ± 211,800 ± 23<0.001
    2010 AHEI (range, 0–110)47.3 ± 0.247.3 ± 0.247.6 ± 0.20.28947.4 ± 0.247.5 ± 0.347.3 ± 0.20.89447.9 ± 0.247.2 ± 0.247.2 ± 0.20.007
    • Data are mean ± SE for continuous variables and percentage (SE) for categorical variables, accounting for the complex study design of the HCHS/SOL. T, tertile.

    • *High use equates to ≥7 drinks/week for women and ≥14 drinks/week for men.

  • Table 2

    Interactions of physical activity, MVPA, and sedentary behavior with the overall GRS and effects on BMI, body composition measures, and waist circumference

    Continuous*Tertiles†
    β for interaction (SE)P value123
    BMI, kg/m2
     Total physical activity
      Model 1−0.12 (0.04)0.0050.82 (0.10)0.72 (0.10)0.43 (0.09)
     MVPA
      Model 1−0.06 (0.02)0.0050.78 (0.10)0.75 (0.10)0.39 (0.09)
      Model 2−0.04 (0.02)0.110.74 (0.11)0.75 (0.10)0.41 (0.10)
     Sedentary time
      Model 10.09 (0.03)0.0060.44 (0.09)0.81 (0.10)0.73 (0.10)
      Model 20.06 (0.04)0.100.46 (0.10)0.77 (0.10)0.69 (0.11)
    Fat mass, kg
     Total physical activity
      Model 1−0.26 (0.09)0.0031.58 (0.20)1.37 (0.20)0.73 (0.18)
     MVPA
      Model 1−0.13 (0.04)0.0011.48 (0.20)1.48 (0.20)0.65 (0.17)
      Model 2−0.09 (0.05)0.061.36 (0.22)1.48 (0.20)0.76 (0.20)
     Sedentary time
      Model 10.20 (0.06)0.0020.70 (0.18)1.60 (0.20)1.41 (0.20)
      Model 20.13 (0.07)0.080.73 (0.20)1.52 (0.19)1.34 (0.23)
    Fat mass index, kg/m2
     Total physical activity
      Model 1−0.10 (0.03)0.0020.60 (0.07)0.52 (0.07)0.27 (0.06)
     MVPA
      Model 1−0.05 (0.02)0.0010.56 (0.07)0.56 (0.07)0.24 (0.06)
      Model 2−0.04 (0.02)0.030.53 (0.08)0.56 (0.07)0.27 (0.07)
     Sedentary time
      Model 10.07 (0.02)0.0040.27 (0.07)0.61 (0.07)0.51 (0.07)
      Model 20.04 (0.03)0.140.29 (0.07)0.58 (0.07)0.48 (0.08)
    Fat percentage, %
     Total physical activity
      Model 1−0.13 (0.06)0.0230.94 (0.12)0.85 (0.13)0.49 (0.12)
     MVPA
      Model 1−0.07 (0.03)0.0120.84 (0.12)0.99 (0.13)0.41 (0.13)
      Model 2−0.04 (0.03)0.200.77 (0.14)0.99 (0.13)0.50 (0.14)
     Sedentary time
      Model 10.11 (0.04)0.0070.43 (0.12)0.99 (0.13)0.86 (0.13)
      Model 20.09 (0.05)0.080.45 (0.14)0.94 (0.13)0.86 (0.15)
    Fat-free mass, kg
     Total physical activity
      Model 1−0.05 (0.05)0.2910.67 (0.11)0.50 (0.11)0.49 (0.10)
     MVPA
      Model 1−0.02 (0.02)0.4330.66 (0.11)0.51 (0.11)0.45 (0.11)
      Model 20.00 (0.03)0.9710.58 (0.12)0.51 (0.11)0.44 (0.12)
     Sedentary time
      Model 10.06 (0.04)0.1170.50 (0.10)0.53 (0.11)0.67 (0.11)
      Model 20.06 (0.04)0.1610.49 (0.11)0.50 (0.11)0.64 (0.13)
    Waist circumference, cm
     Total physical activity
      Model 1−0.28 (0.10)0.0061.70 (0.23)1.59 (0.23)0.85 (0.21)
     MVPA
      Model 1−1.15 (0.47)0.0141.60 (0.22)1.67 (0.23)0.80 (0.21)
      Model 2−0.05 (0.05)0.331.57 (0.25)1.67 (0.23)0.93 (0.24)
     Sedentary time
      Model 10.40 (0.13)0.0010.76 (0.21)1.82 (0.22)1.54 (0.23)
      Model 20.21 (0.09)0.020.79 (0.24)1.75 (0.22)1.53 (0.26)
    • Model 1 and model 2 are adjusted for the log of sampling weight, field center, age, sex, five principal components for population structure, education, income, employment, smoking, alcohol use, energy intake, and AHEI as fixed effects, and genetic relatedness, household, and block groups as random effects. Model 2 was simultaneously tested for MVPA × GRS and sedentary behavior × GRS interactions.

    • *Data are interaction effect sizes per 1-SD (six-unit) increment of GRS × 100 counts/min increment of total physical activity, per 1-SD increment of GRS × 10-min increment of MVPA, and per 1-SD increment of GRS × 1-h increment of sedentary time.

    • †Data are effect sizes per 1-SD increment of GRS according to tertiles of total physical activity, MVPA, and sedentary time.

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Objectively Measured Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Genetic Predisposition to Obesity in U.S. Hispanics/Latinos: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
Jee-Young Moon, Tao Wang, Tamar Sofer, Kari E. North, Carmen R. Isasi, Jianwen Cai, Marc D. Gellman, Ashley E. Moncrieft, Daniela Sotres-Alvarez, Maria Argos, Robert C. Kaplan, Qibin Qi
Diabetes Dec 2017, 66 (12) 3001-3012; DOI: 10.2337/db17-0573

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Objectively Measured Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Genetic Predisposition to Obesity in U.S. Hispanics/Latinos: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
Jee-Young Moon, Tao Wang, Tamar Sofer, Kari E. North, Carmen R. Isasi, Jianwen Cai, Marc D. Gellman, Ashley E. Moncrieft, Daniela Sotres-Alvarez, Maria Argos, Robert C. Kaplan, Qibin Qi
Diabetes Dec 2017, 66 (12) 3001-3012; DOI: 10.2337/db17-0573
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