Objectively Measured Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Genetic Predisposition to Obesity in U.S. Hispanics/Latinos: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1
Associations of total physical activity, MVPA, and sedentary behavior with BMI and other adiposity traits according to tertiles (T) of overall GRS. Data are effect sizes per 100 counts/min increments of total physical activity, per 10-min increment of MVPA, and per 1-h increment of sedentary time for BMI, fat mass, fat percentage, fat mass index, fat-free mass, and waist circumference, adjusting for sampling weight, field center, age, sex, the five principal components for population structure, education, income, employment, smoking, alcohol use, energy intake, and AHEI as fixed effects, and genetic relatedness, household, and block groups as random effects. Diff, difference; Pint, Pinteraction.
- Figure 2
Interactions of total physical activity, MVPA, and sedentary behavior with the overall GRS for obesity risk. Data are odds ratios (95% CIs) for obesity risk (BMI ≥30 vs. <30 kg/m2) per 1-SD increment of the overall GRS according to tertiles (T) of total physical activity, MVPA, and sedentary behavior, adjusting for sampling weight, field center, age, sex, five principal components for population structure, education, income, employment, smoking, alcohol use, energy intake, and AHEI as fixed effects, and genetic relatedness, household, and block groups as random effects.
- Figure 3
BMI among individuals grouped by tertiles (T) of the overall GRS and tertiles of total physical activity (A), MVPA (B), and sedentary time (C). Solid lines indicate the estimated BMI levels across tertiles of total physical activity, MVPA, or sedentary behavior by individuals with low (GRS T1), medium (GRS T2) and high (GRS T3) genetic risk for obesity. Dashed lines indicate the projected BMI levels among individuals with medium (GRS T2) and high (GRS T3) genetic risk for obesity, assuming no gene–environment interactions. The dashed lines are parallel to the black solid line of the estimated BMI levels among individuals with low genetic risk (GRS T1) for obesity. Values are means (95% CIs), adjusted for sampling weight, field center, age, sex, five principal components for population structure, education, income, employment, smoking, alcohol use, energy intake, and AHEI as fixed effects, and genetic relatedness, household, and block groups as random effects.
- Figure 4
Interactions of MVPA and sedentary behavior with the CNS-related GRS and the non-CNS-related GRS on BMI, body composition measures, and waist circumference. Data are effect sizes (95% CIs) per 1-SD increment of the CNS-related GRS and the non-CNS-related GRS on BMI, fat mass, fat percentage, fat mass index, fat-free mass, and waist circumference, adjusting for sampling weight, field center, age, sex, five principal components for population structure, education, income, employment, smoking, alcohol use, energy intake, and AHEI as fixed effects, and genetic relatedness, household, and block groups as random effects. Diff, difference; Pint, Pinteraction; T, tertile.
Tables
- Table 1
Characteristics of Hispanics/Latinos with accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in the HCHS/SOL
Total physical activity (average counts/min) MVPA (min/day) Sedentary time (h/day) T1 T2 T3 P value T1 T2 T3 P value T1 T2 T3 P value Median (range) 77 (4–108) 139 (108–177) 242 (177–1,526) 3.3 (0–8.2) 14.5 (8.2–23.4) 38.4 (23.4–377) 10.3 (0.8–11.4) 12.1 (11.4–12.7) 13.5 (12.7–16) Individuals, n 3,211 3,231 3,203 3,238 3,224 3,183 3,222 3,186 3,237 Total physical activity, counts/min 75 ± 1 141 ± 1 286 ± 4 — 90 ± 1 145 ± 1 271 ± 4 <0.001 271 ± 5 158 ± 2 94 ± 1 <0.001 MVPA, min/day 6.0 ± 0.2 16.9 ± 0.3 45.2 ± 1.0 <0.001 3.7 ± 0.1 15.2 ± 0.1 48.8 ± 0.9 — 37.3 ± 1.2 21.1 ± 0.6 13.5 ± 0.5 <0.001 Sedentary time, hours/day 13.4 ± 0.02 12.01 ± 0.02 10.5 ± 0.04 <0.001 12.7 ± 0.04 12 ± 0.04 11.1 ± 0.05 <0.001 10 ± 0.04 12.1 ± 0.01 13.6 ± 0.02 — Age, years 48.1 ± 0.5 40.4 ± 0.4 37.5 ± 0.4 <0.001 48.3 ± 0.5 40.2 ± 0.4 37.4 ± 0.4 <0.001 39.2 ± 0.4 41.1 ± 0.4 44.7 ± 0.5 <0.001 Field center, % <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Bronx 30 (2) 27 (2) 27 (2) 17 (2) 24 (2) 41 (2) 20 (2) 25 (2) 39 (2) Chicago 13 (1) 14 (1) 17 (1) 12 (1) 17.2 (1) 15 (1) 20 (1) 14 (1) 11 (1) Miami 40 (3) 33 (3) 26 (2) 49 (3) 31 (3) 21 (2) 30 (2) 35 (3) 33 (3) San Diego 17 (2) 25 (2) 30 (2) 22 (2) 28 (2) 24 (2) 31 (2) 26 (2) 17 (2) BMI, kg/m2 30.4 ± 0.2 29.2 ± 0.2 28.4 ± 0.1 <0.001 30.3 ± 0.2 29.5 ± 0.2 28.2 ± 0.1 <0.001 28.8 ± 0.1 29.2 ± 0.2 29.7 ± 0.2 <0.001 Fat mass, kg 29.6 ± 0.4 26.8 ± 0.3 23.9 ± 0.3 <0.001 29.5 ± 0.3 27.3 ± 0.5 23.5 ± 0.3 <0.001 31.3 ± 0.3 26.8 ± 0.3 27.9 ± 0.4 <0.001 Fat percentage, % 36.1 ± 0.3 33.2 ± 0.3 29.8 ± 0.2 <0.001 36.3 ± 0.3 33.1 ± 0.3 29.6 ± 0.2 <0.001 31.3 ± 0.3 33.1 ± 0.3 34.0 ± 0.3 <0.001 Fat mass index, kg/m2 11.3 ± 0.1 10.1 ± 0.1 8.8 ± 0.1 <0.001 11.3 ± 0.1 10.2 ± 0.2 8.7 ± 0.1 <0.001 9.4 ± 0.1 10.1 ± 0.1 10.5 ± 0.1 <0.001 Fat-free mass, kg 50.2 ± 0.3 51.3 ± 0.3 54.2 ± 0.3 <0.001 49.8 ± 0.3 52.1 ± 0.3 53.8 ± 0.3 <0.001 53.0 ± 0.3 51.6 ± 0.3 51.5 ± 0.3 <0.001 Fat-free mass index, kg/m2 19.0 ± 0.1 19.1 ± 0.1 19.6 ± 0.1 <0.001 18.9 ± 0.1 19.3 ± 0.1 19.5 ± 0.1 <0.001 19.5 ± 0.1 19.5 ± 0.1 19.5 ± 0.1 <0.001 Waist circumference, cm 100 ± 0.4 97 ± 0.4 95 ± 0.3 <0.001 100 ± 0.4 98 ± 0.5 95 ± 0.4 <0.001 96 ± 0.3 97 ± 0.4 98 ± 0.4 <0.001 Women, % 63.5 (1.3) 54.9 (1.4) 36.0 (1.2) <0.001 65.6 (1.3) 51.1 (1.4) 37.4 (1.2) <0.001 43.3 (1.3) 53.6 (1.3) 54.9 (1.3) <0.001 Genetically identified Hispanic/Latino group, % <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Central American 7 (1) 8 (1) 9 (1) 8 (1) 8 (1) 9 (1) 10 (1) 7 (1) 8 (2) Cuban 33 (3) 24 (2) 18 (2) 39 (3) 22 (2) 15 (1) 21 (2) 27 (2) 26.9 (2) Dominican 13 (2) 11 (1) 8 (1) 8 (2) 9 (1) 13 (1) 6 (1) 8 (1) 17 (3) Mexican 24 (2) 37 (2) 43 (2) 28 (2) 40 (2) 37 (2) 46 (2) 36 (2) 23 (2) Puerto Rican 18 (1) 14 (1) 16 (1) 12 (1) 15 (1) 20 (1) 13 (1) 16 (1) 19 (1) South American 6 (1) 6 (1) 6 (1) 5 (1) 6 (1) 7 (1) 5 (1) 7 (1) 6 (1) Education, % <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <High school 36 (2) 30 (1) 29 (1) 34 (1) 30 (1) 31 (1) 32 (1) 29 (1) 34 (1) High school 26 (2) 28 (1) 31 (1) 26 (2) 27 (1) 31 (1) 31 (1) 28 (1) 26 (2) College degree 39 (2) 42 (1) 40 (1) 40 (2) 43 (2) 39 (2) 38 (2) 43 (1) 40 (2) Annual family income ($), % <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <20,000 53 (2) 44 (2) 41 (2) 51 (2) 43 (2) 44 (2) 41 (2) 45 (2) 51 (2) 20,000–50,000 36 (2) 42 (1) 44 (2) 38 (2) 43 (1) 42 (2) 47 (2) 39 (1) 37 (2) >50,000 11 (1) 14 (1) 15 (2) 11 (1) 15 (1) 14 (1) 12 (1) 16 (1) 13 (1) Employment, % <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Retired and not currently employed 17 (1) 6 (1) 4 (0.4) 15 (1) 7 (1) 5 (1) 3 (0.4) 7 (1) 16 (1) Not retired and not currently employed 50 (2) 41 (1) 32 (1) 47 (2) 38 (1) 36 (1) 27 (1) 45 (1) 49 (2) Employed part-time (≤35 h/week) 12 (1) 17 (1) 21 (1) 13 (1) 18 (1) 20 (1) 22 (1) 17 (1) 13 (1) Employed full-time (>35 h/week) 21 (1) 36 (1) 44 (1) 26 (1) 37 (1) 39 (1) 49 (1) 31 (1) 23 (1) Current smoker, % 19 (1) 20 (1) 23 (1) <0.001 19 (1) 21 (1) 22 (1) <0.001 23 (1) 22 (1) 18 (1) <0.001 Alcohol consumption, servings/day 0.22 ± 0.01 0.29 ± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.01 <0.001 0.24 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.01 0.32 ± 0.01 <0.001 0.33 ± 0.01 0.28 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.02 <0.001 Alcohol use, % <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 No current use 56 (2) 49 (1) 41 (1) 57 (2) 46 (2) 43 (1) 44 (1) 48 (1) 52 (2) Low use 39 (2) 46 (1) 52 (1) 38 (1) 48 (2) 51 (1) 49 (2) 46 (1) 43 (2) High use* 4 (1) 6 (1) 7 (1) 5 (1) 5 (1) 6 (1) 7 (1) 6 (1) 5 (1) Total energy intake, kcal/day 1,757 ± 21 1,904 ± 21 2,095 ± 22 <0.001 1,816 ± 20 1,934 ± 23 2,022 ± 24 <0.001 2,076 ± 22 1,913 ± 21 1,800 ± 23 <0.001 2010 AHEI (range, 0–110) 47.3 ± 0.2 47.3 ± 0.2 47.6 ± 0.2 0.289 47.4 ± 0.2 47.5 ± 0.3 47.3 ± 0.2 0.894 47.9 ± 0.2 47.2 ± 0.2 47.2 ± 0.2 0.007 Data are mean ± SE for continuous variables and percentage (SE) for categorical variables, accounting for the complex study design of the HCHS/SOL. T, tertile.
*High use equates to ≥7 drinks/week for women and ≥14 drinks/week for men.
- Table 2
Interactions of physical activity, MVPA, and sedentary behavior with the overall GRS and effects on BMI, body composition measures, and waist circumference
Continuous* Tertiles† β for interaction (SE) P value 1 2 3 BMI, kg/m2 Total physical activity Model 1 −0.12 (0.04) 0.005 0.82 (0.10) 0.72 (0.10) 0.43 (0.09) MVPA Model 1 −0.06 (0.02) 0.005 0.78 (0.10) 0.75 (0.10) 0.39 (0.09) Model 2 −0.04 (0.02) 0.11 0.74 (0.11) 0.75 (0.10) 0.41 (0.10) Sedentary time Model 1 0.09 (0.03) 0.006 0.44 (0.09) 0.81 (0.10) 0.73 (0.10) Model 2 0.06 (0.04) 0.10 0.46 (0.10) 0.77 (0.10) 0.69 (0.11) Fat mass, kg Total physical activity Model 1 −0.26 (0.09) 0.003 1.58 (0.20) 1.37 (0.20) 0.73 (0.18) MVPA Model 1 −0.13 (0.04) 0.001 1.48 (0.20) 1.48 (0.20) 0.65 (0.17) Model 2 −0.09 (0.05) 0.06 1.36 (0.22) 1.48 (0.20) 0.76 (0.20) Sedentary time Model 1 0.20 (0.06) 0.002 0.70 (0.18) 1.60 (0.20) 1.41 (0.20) Model 2 0.13 (0.07) 0.08 0.73 (0.20) 1.52 (0.19) 1.34 (0.23) Fat mass index, kg/m2 Total physical activity Model 1 −0.10 (0.03) 0.002 0.60 (0.07) 0.52 (0.07) 0.27 (0.06) MVPA Model 1 −0.05 (0.02) 0.001 0.56 (0.07) 0.56 (0.07) 0.24 (0.06) Model 2 −0.04 (0.02) 0.03 0.53 (0.08) 0.56 (0.07) 0.27 (0.07) Sedentary time Model 1 0.07 (0.02) 0.004 0.27 (0.07) 0.61 (0.07) 0.51 (0.07) Model 2 0.04 (0.03) 0.14 0.29 (0.07) 0.58 (0.07) 0.48 (0.08) Fat percentage, % Total physical activity Model 1 −0.13 (0.06) 0.023 0.94 (0.12) 0.85 (0.13) 0.49 (0.12) MVPA Model 1 −0.07 (0.03) 0.012 0.84 (0.12) 0.99 (0.13) 0.41 (0.13) Model 2 −0.04 (0.03) 0.20 0.77 (0.14) 0.99 (0.13) 0.50 (0.14) Sedentary time Model 1 0.11 (0.04) 0.007 0.43 (0.12) 0.99 (0.13) 0.86 (0.13) Model 2 0.09 (0.05) 0.08 0.45 (0.14) 0.94 (0.13) 0.86 (0.15) Fat-free mass, kg Total physical activity Model 1 −0.05 (0.05) 0.291 0.67 (0.11) 0.50 (0.11) 0.49 (0.10) MVPA Model 1 −0.02 (0.02) 0.433 0.66 (0.11) 0.51 (0.11) 0.45 (0.11) Model 2 0.00 (0.03) 0.971 0.58 (0.12) 0.51 (0.11) 0.44 (0.12) Sedentary time Model 1 0.06 (0.04) 0.117 0.50 (0.10) 0.53 (0.11) 0.67 (0.11) Model 2 0.06 (0.04) 0.161 0.49 (0.11) 0.50 (0.11) 0.64 (0.13) Waist circumference, cm Total physical activity Model 1 −0.28 (0.10) 0.006 1.70 (0.23) 1.59 (0.23) 0.85 (0.21) MVPA Model 1 −1.15 (0.47) 0.014 1.60 (0.22) 1.67 (0.23) 0.80 (0.21) Model 2 −0.05 (0.05) 0.33 1.57 (0.25) 1.67 (0.23) 0.93 (0.24) Sedentary time Model 1 0.40 (0.13) 0.001 0.76 (0.21) 1.82 (0.22) 1.54 (0.23) Model 2 0.21 (0.09) 0.02 0.79 (0.24) 1.75 (0.22) 1.53 (0.26) Model 1 and model 2 are adjusted for the log of sampling weight, field center, age, sex, five principal components for population structure, education, income, employment, smoking, alcohol use, energy intake, and AHEI as fixed effects, and genetic relatedness, household, and block groups as random effects. Model 2 was simultaneously tested for MVPA × GRS and sedentary behavior × GRS interactions.
*Data are interaction effect sizes per 1-SD (six-unit) increment of GRS × 100 counts/min increment of total physical activity, per 1-SD increment of GRS × 10-min increment of MVPA, and per 1-SD increment of GRS × 1-h increment of sedentary time.
†Data are effect sizes per 1-SD increment of GRS according to tertiles of total physical activity, MVPA, and sedentary time.
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