A Global Overview of Precision Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes

Perspectives in Diabetes

¹Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
²Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
³Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
⁴Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
⁵Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
⁶Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
⁷Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
⁸Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Diabetes 2018 Oct; 67(10): 1911-1922. https://doi.org/10.2337/dbi17-0045

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Figure 1
Global precision medicine initiatives of relevance to type 2 diabetes.
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Figure 2
The path to precision medicine in type 2 diabetes. HEA, health economic assessment.

Table 1

Global precision medicine initiatives of relevance to type 2 diabetes

Name	Region	Start date	Funding	Initiative	Population (in thousands)
Australian Precision Medicine Initiative	Australia	2016	A$25 million	Public–private	—
Chinese Precision Medicine Initiative	China	2016	US$9 billion	Public–private	2
Innovative Medicines Initiative (diabetes projects only)	European Union	2008	€200 million	Public–private	>100
Nordic Precision Medicine Initiative	Nordic (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)	2015	—	Public–private	>1,000
Estonian Personalised Medicine Pilot Project (Nordic Precision Medicine Initiative)	Nordic (Estonia)	2015	€33 million	Governmental	100
FinnGen (Nordic Precision Medicine Initiative)	Nordic (Finland)	2017	€60 million	Public–private	500
Genomic Aggregation Project in Sweden (Nordic Precision Medicine Initiative)	Nordic (Sweden)	2015	—	Public	160
Saudi Human Genome Project	Saudi Arabia	2013	US$40 million	Governmental	100
Genomics England	U.K.	2012	US$523 million	Public–private	75
UK Biobank	U.K.	2005	US$122 million	Public–private	500
Project Baseline	U.S.	2017	>US$41 million	Public–private	10
U.S. Precision Medicine Initiative	U.S.	2015	US$215 million	Public–private	1,000
Accelerating Medicines Partnership	U.S.	2014	US$52.8 million	Public–private	150
Million Veteran Program	U.S.	2011	US$116 million	Public–private	612