Abstract

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Beneficial effects have been attributed to increased ketogenesis, reduced cardiac fatty acid oxidation and diminished cardiac oxygen consumption. We therefore studied whether SGLT2 inhibition altered cardiac oxidative substrate consumption, efficiency, and perfusion.

13 individuals with type 2 diabetes were studied after four weeks treatment with empagliflozin and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Myocardial palmitate and glucose uptake were measured with ¹¹C-palmitate and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT. Oxygen consumption and myocardial external efficiency (MEE) were measured with ¹¹C-acetate PET/CT. Resting and adenosine stress myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) were measured using ¹⁵O-H₂O PET/CT.

Empagliflozin did not affect myocardial FFA uptake but reduced myocardial glucose uptake by 57% (p<0.001). Empagliflozin did not change myocardial oxygen consumption or MEE. Empagliflozin reduced resting MBF by 13% (p<0.01), but did not significantly affect stress MBF or MFR.

In conclusion, SGLT2 inhibition did not affect myocardial FFA uptake, but channeled myocardial substrate utilization from glucose towards other sources and reduced resting MBF. However, the observed metabolic and hemodynamic changes were modest and most likely contribute only partially to the cardioprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibition.