Characteristics of the participants in hyperglycemic clamp experiments with GIP infusion
| Parameter | Healthy control subjects | First-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients | Type 2 diabetic patients | Significance (P value)* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (female/male) | 4/6 | 15/6 | 3/7 | 0.059 |
| Age (years) | 49 ± 17 | 49 ± 12 | 52 ± 9 | 0.83 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 3.6 | 26.0 ± 4.2 | 28.6 ± 5.1 | 0.23 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (cm/cm) | 0.89 ± 0.1 | 0.84 ± 0.1§ | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 0.028 |
| Participants with first-degree relatives (type 2 diabetes) | 0/10§ | 21/21§ | 4/10‡ | <0.0001 |
| Father | — | 8 | 2 | |
| Mother | — | 15 | 2 | |
| Siblings | — | 3 | 3 | |
| HbA1c (%)† | 5.0 ± 0.5§ | 5.1 ± 0.3§ | 6.2 ± 0.7‡ | <0.0001 |
| Oral glucose tolerance | ||||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 94 ± 7§ | 88 ± 8§ | 117 ± 15‡ | <0.0001 |
| 120-min plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 101 ± 16 | 112 ± 15 | NE | 0.81 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 128 ± 9 | 130 ± 18 | 131 ± 14 | 0.93 |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 81 ± 4 | 80 ± 9 | 77 ± 5 | 0.36 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 113 ± 65 | 117 ± 75 | 189 ± 107 | 0.06 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 60 ± 26 | 71 ± 24§ | 43 ± 19 | 0.013 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 140 ± 30 | 120 ± 35 | 146 ± 25 | 0.70 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.1 ± 0.1§ | 1.0 ± 0.1§ | 1.0 ± 0.1‡ | 0.017 |
Data are n and means ± SE. NE, not examined.
* ANOVA or χ2 tests;
† normal range, 4.0–6.2%;
‡ significant difference (P < 0.05) versus healthy control subjects (Duncan’s post hoc test);
§ significant difference (P < 0.05) versus patients with type 2 diabetes (Duncan’s post hoc test).