Modifications in β-cell gene expression after cytokine exposure
| Cluster/GAN | Gene name | IL-1β + IFN-γ | IL-1β | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 h | 24 h | 24 h | |||||
| H1 | H2 | H1 | H2 | H1 | H2 | ||
| 1.0 Metabolism | |||||||
| 1.1 Carbohydrates | |||||||
| X59737* | Creatine kinase-ubiquitous | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 |
| S68135* | GLUT1 | +3.6 | +3.8 | +3.5 | +4.3 | ||
| L28135 | GLUT2 | –4.5 | –3.7 | ||||
| X53588 | Glucokinase | –4.9 | –4.2 | –4.7 | –3.5 | ||
| U07181* | Lactate dehydrogenase-B | –4.3 | –5.9 | ||||
| 1.2 Arginine metabolism and NO formation | |||||||
| U03699* | iNOS | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 |
| X12459 | Argininosuccinate synthetase | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 |
| J04792* | Ornithine decarboxilase | +3.5 | +2.4 | +5.4 | +5.6 | ||
| J02720 | Arginase | –2.5 | –2.5 | –2.1 | –5.0 | –5.3 | –2.7 |
| 1.3 Amino acids (other than arginine) | |||||||
| M72422 | GAD65 | –6.4 | –3.3 | –5.8 | –4.1 | –5.3 | –2.3 |
| U91561 | Pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | –3.0 | –2.2 | –3.1 | –2.4 |
| M96601 | Taurine transporter | –3.1 | –6.3 | ||||
| Z15123 | S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase | <3.0 | –3.3 | –2.0 | –3.9 | ||
| E03229 | L-cysteine oxygen oxidoreductase | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | –2.5 | <–3.0 | ||
| M97662 | β-alanine synthase | –3.4 | –2.9 | –6.0 | –4.7 | ||
| M84648 | L-amino acid decarboxilase | <–3.0 | <–10.0 | <–3.0 | <–10.0 | ||
| 1.4 Lipids | |||||||
| S69874 | c-FABP | +8.9 | +9.5 | +10.8 | +9.8 | ||
| D17309 | Δ-4-3-ketosteroid 5-β reductase | +4.6 | +5.2 | +3.3 | +4.8 | ||
| AF048687 | Lactosylceramide synthase | –3.6 | –3.3 | ||||
| J05035 | Steroid 5 α-reductase | <–3.0 | –2.4 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | ||
| L27075 | ATP-cytrate lyase | –2.2 | –2.3 | –3.8 | –4.3 | ||
| S70011 | Trycarboxilate carrier-mithocondrial | –4.8 | –2.8 | –2.3 | –2.8 | ||
| U44750 | 15-PGDH | –2.7 | –3.5 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 |
| M73714 | Microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase | <–3.0 | <–10.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | ||
| J05470 | Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II | <–10.0 | –2.4 | <–10.0 | –6.4 | <–3.0 | –2.3 |
| D00569* | 2,4-dyenoyl-CoA reductase | –4.3 | –5.4 | <–3.0 | <–10.0 | <–3.0 | –2.3 |
| 1.5 ATP production and processing | |||||||
| U78977* | ATPase (putative) | –4.5 | –3.9 | –3.7 | –3.1 | ||
| D00636* | Cytochrome b-5 reductase (NADH) | <–10.0 | <–3.0 | <–10.0 | <–10.0 | <–3.0 | <–10.0 |
| 1.6 Miscellaneous | |||||||
| J05519 | C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase | +4.1 | +7.3 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||
| D87839 | GABA transaminase | –4.1 | –3.1 | ||||
| M83143* | β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase | –3.0 | –3.7 | –8.4 | –6.8 | <–3.0 | –2.7 |
| 2.0 Protein synthesis, modification, and secretion | |||||||
| AJ000485 | CLIP 115 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||
| X00722 | 32S pre-rRNA | +2.9 | +2.7 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||
| J03627 | S-100–related protein | +4.1 | +3.6 | +2.9 | +3.8 | ||
| X77235 | ARL 4 | +3.0 | +4.5 | >+3.0 | +2.9 | ||
| M24105 | VAMP2 | –2.7 | –2.6 | –3.1 | –2.4 | ||
| X06889 | Rab 3A | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | –2.6 | ||
| M83745 | Prohormone convertase-1 | –3.8 | –3.2 | ||||
| X53565 | TGN 38 | –2.3 | –3.3 | <–3.0 | –2.6 | <–3.0 | –7.2 |
| M75148 | Kinesin light chain-C | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | ||||
| U72995 | Rab 3 GDP/GTP exchange protein | <–3.0 | <–10.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | ||
| M96630 | Sec 61 homolog | <–3.0 | –2.6 | –2.8 | <–10.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 |
| 3.0 Ionic channels and ion transporters | |||||||
| X96394 | Multidrug resistance protein | >+3.0 | +2.5 | +3.4 | +3.9 | ||
| AF008439 | Nramp2 | +4.6 | +4.1 | +2.9 | +2.5 | +4.4 | +7.8 |
| M58040 | Transferrin receptor | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||||
| AF004017 | Eletrogenic NA + bicarbonate cotransporter | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||||
| AF048828* | RVDAC 1 | –3.4 | –3.2 | ||||
| U08290 | Neuronatin α | –2.4 | –2.5 | –3.9 | –3.4 | ||
| U50842 | Nedd4 ubiquitin ligase | –3.8 | –3.7 | –2.7 | –1.9 | ||
| J04024* | Ca2+ ATPase type 2 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | –2.3 | <–3.0 | ||
| 4.0 Hormones and growth factors | |||||||
| M11596 | Calcitonin-related peptide, β | +7.3 | +9.7 | +9.6 | +11.0 | +5.4 | +6.1 |
| X63574 | Somatostatin receptor type 3 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | +3.4 | >+3.0 | +4.1 |
| M25804* | Rev-ErbA-α | +2.6 | +3.7 | +3.5 | +3.7 | ||
| D15069 | Adrenomedullin precursor | +3.8 | +3.7 | +2.8 | +3.2 | ||
| M96674 | Glucagon receptor | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | +3.2 | +2.1 | +4.9 | +3.3 |
| Z83757 | GH receptor | <–3.0 | –7.5 | –2.3 | <–3.0 | ||
| AA818097 | Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor | –3.2 | –4.2 | –3.4 | –2.0 | ||
| M25584 | Insulin 1 | –3.0 | –4.3 | –3.1 | –2.1 | ||
| M93273 | Somatostatin receptor type 2 | <–3.0 | <–10.0 | –4.2 | –4.5 | –4.3 | –6.7 |
| L19660 | Gastric inhibitory peptide receptor | –4.7 | –5.1 | –4.1 | –3.7 | ||
| M74152* | Prolactin receptor | –5.5 | –4.7 | –3.7 | –2.7 | ||
| M36317* | Thyrotropin releasing hormone | –5.3 | –5.3 | –3.7 | –3.7 | ||
| D50608* | Cholecystokinin-A receptor | <–10.0 | –8.5 | <–10.0 | <–10.0 | <–10.0 | –21.0 |
| 5.0 Cytokines, chemokines, and related receptors | |||||||
| D11445 | CINC-1 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 |
| U17035 | Mob-1 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 |
| X17053* | MCP-1 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 |
| AF053312 | MIP-3α | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 |
| AF030358* | Fractalkine | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | ||||
| U94330 | Osteoprotegerin | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | ||||
| AJ011969 | MIC-1 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||||
| U45965 | CINC-3 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||
| U69272* | IL-15 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||
| M26744 | IL-6 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||
| 6.0 Cytokine processing and signal transduction | |||||||
| M80367 | Guanylate nucleotide binding protein 2 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | ||
| AJ000557* | JAK-2 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | ||||
| AF086624 | Pim-3 serine threonine kinase | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | ||
| D89863 | M-Ras | >+3.0 | +15.2 | >+3.0 | +7.4 | ||
| S81478* | 3CH134/CL100 tyrosine phosphatase | >+3.0 | +3.5 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||
| M64301* | ERK3 | +3.3 | +4.3 | +3.2 | +1.7 | +2.4 | +2.4 |
| M64780* | Agrin | +5.1 | +6.2 | +3.3 | +2.9 | ||
| AA957896 | MAPK kinase 2 | –3.3 | –3.4 | –3.1 | –2.5 | ||
| X85183 | Ras-related GTPase (rag A) | –3.8 | –3.4 | –2.4 | –2.5 | ||
| X74227 | IP3 3-kinase | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | ||||
| J05592* | Phosphatase inhibitor-1 | –4.2 | –2.9 | –3.6 | –4.8 | –3.1 | –2.4 |
| U22830 | P2Y purinoreceptor | –4.4 | –5.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | ||
| M85214 | Tyrosine kinase receptor | –6.8 | –5.1 | –4.8 | –3.7 | ||
| M62372 | α-2-adrenergic receptor (RG 20) | <–3.0 | <–10.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 |
| M23601 | Monoamine oxidase B | –7.3 | –9.0 | –5.6 | –4.1 | ||
| AF013144 | MAPK phosphatase (cpg21) | –3.3 | –3.7 | –9.8 | –10.8 | –3.1 | –4.5 |
| 7.0 MHC and related genes | |||||||
| X57523* | Mtp1 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 |
| D10729 | Proteasome subunit RC1 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 |
| X14254 | MHC-II–assoc. invariant chain γ | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | ||
| X67504 | MHC-I molecules | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | ||||
| M64795 | MHC-I RT1-u haplotype | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | +7.9 | ||
| AF029240* | MHC-1b RT1.S3 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | +9.6 | +16.8 | ||
| D10757* | Proteasome subunit RING 12 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | ||
| M31038 | MHC-I non-RT1.α chain | +6.9 | +4.9 | +8.4 | +8.5 | ||
| U16025* | MHC-Ib RT1 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||
| M10094 | MHC-I truncated cell surface antigen | +3.6 | +6.7 | >+3.0 | +3.8 | ||
| D30804* | Proteasome subunit RC6-1 | +4.2 | +4.9 | ||||
| X63854 | Mtp2 | +8.0 | +12.8 | +3.2 | +4.9 | ||
| M15562* | MHC-II RT1.u-D-α chain | +4.4 | +3.1 | ||||
| D45250* | Proteasome activator rPA28-β | +5.8 | +3.8 | +3.3 | +4.1 | ||
| 8.0 Cell adhesion, cytoskeleton, and related genes | |||||||
| X81449* | Keratin 19 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | +7.7 | +7.0 | +7.3 | +7.7 |
| U05675 | Fibrinogen β | +4.9 | +5.7 | +4.5 | +6.9 | +6.9 | +9.0 |
| D00913 | ICAM-1 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 |
| AF017437* | CD 47 antigen | +3.4 | +3.2 | +3.8 | +4.0 | +2.6 | +2.4 |
| M23697 | Tissue-type plasminogen activator | +3.2 | 3.7 | +6.6 | +5.7 | ||
| U49062* | Antigen CD-24 | –3.5 | –3.2 | –4.2 | –3.3 | ||
| X05834* | Fibronectin | –7.0 | –3.9 | –5.2 | –4.7 | ||
| AA875659* | Internexin-α | –2.7 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | <–10.0 | ||
| D83348 | Long-type PB-cadherin | <–3.0 | <–10.0 | <–3.0 | –3.5 | ||
| 9.0 Transcription factors and related genes | |||||||
| X63594* | I-κB α-chain | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 |
| AF001417 | Zinc finger protein 9 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 |
| Y00396* | c-myc | +6.2 | +4.1 | +7.4 | +5.0 | ||
| X17163 | c-jun | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | ||
| M34253* | IRF-1 | +8.3 | +12.4 | +9.4 | +12.4 | +2.2 | +2.2 |
| S71523 | Lim-1 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | ||||
| J03179* | D-binding protein | +5.0 | +3.0 | +6.5 | +4.5 | ||
| L26267 | NF-κB–p105 | +6.1 | +8.8 | +8.3 | +4.4 | +5.0 | +4.9 |
| AF031657 | Zinc finger protein 94 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||||
| X62323 | Pan-1 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||||
| M65149* | C/EBPδ | +2.6 | +3.0 | +3.5 | +3.7 | +4.2 | +4.1 |
| S77528* | C/EBPβ | +2.5 | +2.0 | +3.0 | +3.4 | +2.7 | +3.6 |
| S66024* | CREM transcriptional repressor | –2.6 | –3.1 | –5.1 | –2.9 | –6.5 | –6.2 |
| U08214 | URE-B1 DNA binding protein | –3.8 | –5.5 | ||||
| U04835 | CREM δ C-G | <–3.0 | –2.2 | <–3.0 | –2.9 | <–3.0 | –2.5 |
| AA900476* | MRG 1 | –3.5 | –3.5 | –2.6 | –3.0 | –3.4 | –2.3 |
| S69329* | Isl-1 | –2.5 | –2.3 | –6.3 | –3.5 | –3.0 | –2.6 |
| U67080 | Zinc finger protein MyT13 | –5.0 | –11.5 | –3.4 | –4.5 | ||
| 10.0 RNA synthesis and splicing factors | |||||||
| AF063447 | RNA helicase | >+3.0 | +3.6 | >+3.0 | +4.4 | ||
| AF044910 | Survival motor neuron | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||||
| AF036335* | NonO/p54nrb | –3.3 | –3.3 | ||||
| 11.0 Cell cycle | |||||||
| U75404* | SSeCKs 322 | +7.6 | +6.6 | ||||
| D14014 | Cyclin D1 | –3.5 | –2.7 | –3.1 | –2.1 | –3.3 | –2.2 |
| D16308 | Cyclin D2 | –3.1 | –3.7 | –2.7 | –1.8 | ||
| AA874802 | Histone H1 subtype O | –3.1 | –4.7 | –5.4 | –5.8 | ||
| D16309* | Cyclin D3 | <–3.0 | –2.9 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | –2.9 |
| 12.0 Defense/repair | |||||||
| M85389* | Hsp 27 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | ||||
| AA859648 | Hsp 40-mouse homolog | +7.6 | +6.0 | +2.7 | +2.5 | ||
| Z27118* | Hsp 70-gene 1/2 | +7.1 | +5.3 | ||||
| U30186 | GADD-153 | +3.6 | +4.3 | +4.9 | +6.6 | ||
| AA875620* | Hsp 70-gene 3 | +3.7 | +3.3 | +4.6 | +4.1 | ||
| M76704 | MGMT | >+3.0 | +2.5 | >+3.0 | +2.9 | ||
| M11794 | Metallothionein | +2.0 | +4.8 | +2.1 | +3.3 | ||
| U77829 | Gas-5 growth arrest homolog | +3.7 | +3.1 | +2.1 | +3.3 | ||
| Y00497 | MnSOD | +3.1 | +3.8 | +2.4 | +4.1 | +2.4 | +3.9 |
| X52711 | MX1 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||
| D00680 | Glutathione peroxidase | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | ||
| D42148 | Gas-6 growth arrest specific | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | <–3.0 | <–10.0 | –2.9 | <–3.0 |
| 13.0 Apoptosis | |||||||
| E13573 | Death protein-5 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||
| 14.0 Miscellaneous | |||||||
| Y0704* | Best-5 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | >+10.0 | ||
| J02962 | IgE binding protein | +3.5 | +2.8 | +8.7 | +11.0 | +9.6 | +10.2 |
| M29866* | Complement component-3 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 |
| D88250 | Complement C1 homologue | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | >+3.0 | >+10.0 | ||
| AA875037 | Serine protease inhibitor-15 | >+3.0 | >+3.0 | ||||
| S45663 | Sinaptic glicoprotein-2 | +4.7 | +4.2 | +4.0 | +4.1 | ||
| S75019* | Antiquitin | –3.2 | –3.3 | –2.6 | –2.3 | ||
| U10071 | CART | –5.1 | –4.2 | –3.4 | –3.8 | ||
| D10666 | Neural visinin-like protein 1 | –2.1 | –5.4 | –4.7 | –5.5 | –4.7 | –4.7 |
| AF080468* | Glycogen storage disease-1b protein | –3.8 | –3.2 | –5.6 | –5.2 | –3.7 | –2.8 |
| U64030 | Deoxyuridine triphosphatase | <–3.0 | –4.6 | <–3.0 | –5.8 | –2.3 | –2.8 |
Data are fold-variation for the gene with the indicated access number. In some cases, the fold-change was arbitrarily estimated by the software due to undetectable expression in one of the groups being studied (see research design and methods). In these cases, when the allocated fold-variation was between 3 and 10, it is indicated as >+3.0 or <–3.0. If the allocated variation was >10, we indicated it as >+10 or <–10. The genes are ordered taking into account the fold-variation in gene expression of the cells exposed for 24 h to IL-1β + INFγ. The data are from individual duplicate hybridizations (H)-1 and H2.
* Different expression of a gene detected by more than one group of probes. +, increased; –, decreased compared with respective controls (β-cells not exposed to cytokines; 6 or 24 h). ARL4, ADP-ribosylation–like 4; CART, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript; c-FABP, cutaneous fatty acid binding protein; CREM, cAMP-responsive element modulator; GAN, GenBank accession number; RvDAL, voltage-dependent anion channel; TGN, Trans-Golgi network integral membrane protein.