TABLE 2

Relative effects of insulin infusion on the expression of the target genes in skeletal muscle

	Control 50	Obese	Type 2 diabetes	Control 25	Type 1 diabetes
Insulin receptor	36 ± 20	−8 ± 12	12 ± 20	20 ± 12	32 ± 18
IRS-1	−47 ± 6*	−31 ± 6*	−27 ± 9*	−34 ± 4*	−31 ± 9*
p85αPI3K	99 ± 20*	78 ± 18*	−1 ± 12†	128 ± 46*	67 ± 20*
p110αPI3K	−19 ± 20	18 ± 18	−48 ± 9*†	−7 ± 15	−5 ± 15
p110βPI3K	−23 ± 12	31 ± 17	−42 ± 9*†	12 ± 19	47 ± 32
GLUT4	45 ± 10*	21 ± 9†	17 ± 23†	48 ± 10*	66 ± 31*
Hexokinase II	93 ± 20*	127 ± 35*	9 ± 18†	194 ± 37*	88 ± 16*
Rad	223 ± 68*	112 ± 34*	60 ± 22*	190 ± 37*	339 ± 88*
Glycogen synthase	32 ± 29	−2 ± 21	19 ± 13	15 ± 9	56 ± 45

The results are presented as percentage changes of specific mRNA levels between the values measured at end of the 3-h hyperinsulinemic clamp and the basal values.
*
* Significant change (P < 0.05 with Wicoxon’s nonparametric test for paired values) when comparing the values before and after insulin infusion.
†
† Significant difference in the effect of insulin in a group of patients when compared with the age-matched control group.