Baseline characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes and nondiabetic control subjects stratified by gender
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 1 diabetic patients | Control subjects | Type 1 diabetic patients | Control subjects | |||
| n | 301 | 382 | 355 | 382 | ||
| Age (years) | 37.2 ± 9.0 | 39.9 ± 8.8* | 35.8 ± 9.3 | 37.1 ± 16.0† | ||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 23.6 ± 8.9 | 22.7 ± 8.7 | ||||
| Insulin dose (units/kg−1 · day−1) | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 0.5* | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 0.5* | ||
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Total | 175.9 ± 38.9 | 195.9 ± 34.4* | 177.1 ± 32.9 | 183.9 ± 31.5‡ | ||
| HDL | 51.3 ± 12.2 | 42.9 ± 10.5* | 60.5 ± 15.6 | 57.8 ± 14.5† | ||
| LDL | 105.1 ± 31.7 | 122.2 ± 28.4* | 98.3 ± 27.8 | 105.8 ± 26.7* | ||
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 85.6 ± 17.8 | 131.6 ± 17.6* | 83.0 ± 19.2 | 92.0 ± 19.2† | ||
| Hypertensive (%) | 14.6 | 12.3 | 6.5 | 5.2 | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | 122 ± 11.9 | 118 ± 10.6* | 115 ± 12.6 | 110 ± 12.2* | ||
| DBP (mmHg) | 80 ± 8.2 | 81 ± 7.1‡ | 76 ± 8.1 | 76 ± 7.8 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 4.1 | 27.1 ± 3.6 | 26.0 ± 5.2 | 25.0 ± 4.9† | ||
| BMI ≥27 kg/m2 (%) | 42.2 | 46.9 | 31.8 | 25.6 | ||
| WHR | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.05† | 0.79 ± 0.07 | 0.78 ± 0.07‡ | ||
| Waist (cm) | 87.2 ± 8.1 | 87.2 ± 7.5 | 78.6 ± 9.6 | 76.4 ± 9.2* | ||
| IAF L23 (cm3) | 52.5 ± 17.9 | 72.5 ± 20.2* | 28.3 ± 19.5 | 27.1 ± 20.2 | ||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3† | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2* | ||
| Albumin excretion rate (μg/min) | 134.2 ± 18.8 | 19.4 ± 3.0* | 65.2 ± 8.2 | 6.1 ± 2.6‡ | ||
| Homocysteine (μmol/l) | 9.4 ± 3.5 | 9.2 ± 3.1 | 7.5 ± 2.5 | 7.5 ± 2.4 | ||
| Ever smoked (%) | 27.9 | 29.6 | 31.3 | 30.4 | ||
| Insulin resistance | 0.126 ± 0.02 | 0.106 ± 0.01* | 0.104 ± 0.02 | 0.088 ± 0.09* | ||
Data are group means ± SD for most data, geometric means for triglycerides and IAF 23, and interquartile range for albumin excretion rate and insulin resistance, all after adjustment for age. N = 1,420.
* P < 0.001,
† P < 0.05,
‡ P < 0.01 for difference between type 1 diabetic patients and control subjects of same gender. Hypertensive = SBP ≥135 mmHg or DBP ≥85 mmHg or on treatment; insulin resistance = 1/estimated glucose disposal rate (EGDR), where EDGR = 24.31 − 12.22 (WHR) − 3.29 (hypertension) − 0.57 (HbA1c).