TABLE 3

RRs and 95% CIs for type 2 diabetes comparing vitamin E and placebo groups, according to baseline characteristics, WHS

Group	n	Vitamin E (n)	Placebo (n)	RR (95% CI)*	P value	Multivariate adjusted RR (95% CI)†	P value
Age (years)
45–54	23,473	465	483	0.96 (0.85–1.09)	0.56	0.98 (0.86–1.11)	0.72
55–64	11,317	283	311	0.91 (0.77–1.07)	0.23	0.90 (0.76–1.06)	0.20
≥65	3,926	79	75	1.06 (0.78–1.46)	0.71	1.06 (0.77–1.46)	0.72
Smoking status
Current	5,077	121	134	0.91 (0.72–1.17)	0.47	0.91 (0.71–1.18)	0.47
Past	13,848	293	299	0.97 (0.83–1.14)	0.74	0.97 (0.83–1.15)	0.76
Never	19,755	413	435	0.95 (0.83–1.09)	0.47	0.95 (0.83–1.09)	0.48
Alcohol intake
Never/rarely	17,167	519	516	0.99 (0.88–1.12)	0.89	1.02 (0.90–1.15)	0.82
At least once a month	21,539	308	353	0.88 (0.76–1.03)	0.11	0.88 (0.75–1.02)	0.10
Multivitamin use
Yes	15,064	284	311	0.90 (0.77–1.06)	0.19	0.91 (0.77–1.07)	0.25
No	23,652	543	558	0.99 (0.88–1.11)	0.82	0.99 (0.88–1.11)	0.83
BMI (kg/m²)
<25	19,655	105	117	0.91 (0.70–1.18)	0.46	0.92 (0.70–1.19)	0.52
25 to <30	11,713	252	268	0.93 (0.78–1.10)	0.38	0.93 (0.78–1.11)	0.42
≥30	6,563	441	463	0.96 (0.84–1.09)	0.51	0.98 (0.86–1.12)	0.77
Physical activity (kcal/week)
≤1,000	25,192	601	632	0.94 (0.84–1.06)	0.31	0.96 (0.86–1.08)	0.48
>1,000	13,043	208	228	0.93 (0.77–1.12)	0.42	0.95 (0.79–1.15)	0.61
Menopausal status and HT use
Premenopausal	10,757	172	183	0.95 (0.77–1.17)	0.62	0.98 (0.79–1.22)	0.86
Uncertain	6,926	175	196	0.89 (0.73–1.10)	0.28	0.89 (0.72–1.10)	0.27
Postmenopausal, current HT use	11,686	206	218	0.94 (0.78–1.14)	0.54	0.96 (0.79–1.17)	0.69
Postmenopausal, past HT use	2,627	91	83	1.10 (0.82–1.48)	0.52	1.12 (0.82–1.52)	0.47
Postmenopausal, never used HT	6,621	182	183	0.98 (0.80–1.21)	0.86	0.94 (0.76–1.16)	0.56
Hypertension‡
Yes	9,590	422	466	0.93 (0.81–1.06)	0.25	0.92 (0.81–1.06)	0.24
No	29,117	404	403	1.00 (0.87–1.14)	0.95	1.00 (0.87–1.15)	0.97
Hyperlipidemia§
Yes	11,208	347	381	0.92 (0.80–1.07)	0.28	0.93 (0.80–1.08)	0.34
No	27,492	480	486	0.98 (0.87–1.11)	0.77	0.97 (0.86–1.11)	0.68
Randomized aspirin
Yes	19,326	405	444	0.91 (0.80–1.04)	0.17	0.92 (0.80–1.05)	0.21
No	19,390	422	425	0.99 (0.87–1.14)	0.93	1.00 (0.87–1.15)	0.99
Family history of diabetes
Yes	9,621	393	378	1.05 (0.91–1.21)	0.53	1.05 (0.91–1.21)	0.54
No	29,095	434	491	0.88 (0.78–1.00)	0.06	0.89 (0.78–1.01)	0.07

*
* Adjusted for age and randomized assignment of aspirin and β-carotene.
†
† Adjusted for age, aspirin assignment, β-carotene assignment, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, BMI, history of high cholesterol or hypertension, multivitamin use, menopausal status and hormone therapy (HT) use, and family history of diabetes; none of the interactions were significant.
‡
‡ Hypertension was defined as a self-reported systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or physician-diagnosed hypertension.
§
§ Hyperlipidemia was defined as a self-reported total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dl or physician-diagnosed high cholesterol.