Baseline characteristics between participants with incident cases of type 2 diabetes and control participants among 718 women
| Case subjects | Control subjects | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 359 | 359 | |
| Age (years) | 60.3 ± 6.1 | 60.3 ± 6.1 | |
| Caucasian (%) | 93.5 | 93.5 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.9 ± 6.1 | 26.0 ± 5.0 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 2.62 ± 7.4 | 4.19 ± 8.3 | 0.008 |
| Current smoking (%) | 14.5 | 13.7 | 0.74 |
| Physical activity ≥once/week (%) | 30.7 | 38.7 | 0.02 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 48.5 | 24.0 | <0.001 |
| Past postmenopausal hormone use (%) | 34.0 | 29.3 | 0.17 |
| Ever oral contraceptive use (%) | 50.4 | 48.0 | 0.57 |
| Age at menopause (years) | 48.0 ± 6.2 | 48.0 ± 5.8 | 0.79 |
| Years since menopause | 12.2 ± 8.2 | 12.2 ± 8.0 | 0.77 |
| Age at menarche <12 (%) | 25.4 | 21.7 | 0.23 |
| Age at first pregnancy of ≥6 months, <25 (%) | 63.4 | 57.2 | 0.37 |
| Pregnancies ≥5 (%) | 18.7 | 19.9 | 0.69 |
| Currently married (%) | 65.7 | 68.2 | 0.28 |
| Caffeine-related beverages | |||
| Caffeinated coffee, ≥4 cups/day (%) | 13.8 | 20.9 | 0.01 |
| Decaffeinated coffee, ≥4 cups/day (%) | 2.3 | 4.3 | 0.20 |
| Tea, ≥4 cups/day (%) | 5.2 | 2.9 | 0.13 |
| Caffeine, ≥500 mg/day (%) | 14.3 | 21.1 | 0.02 |
| Sex hormones | |||
| SHBG (nmol/l) | 22.3 ± 13.8 | 36.9 ± 17.4 | <0.001 |
| Estradiol (pg/ml) | 24.6 ± 15.9 | 20.5 ± 11.3 | <0.001 |
| Testosterone (ng/dl) | 29.8 ± 19.1 | 28.9 ± 19.1 | 0.49 |
| DHEAS (μg/dl) | 91.0 ± 61.3 | 92.6 ± 53.7 | 0.67 |
Data are means ± SD.
*Baseline characteristics were compared between case patients and control subjects using the paired t test for continuous variables and the McNemar test for categorical variables.