Baseline demographic characteristics of HCs and patients with T1D
| Parameter | HCs (n = 24) | Patients with T1D (n = 49) |
|---|---|---|
| Males | 12 (50%) | 25 (51%) |
| Age (years) | 25.5 ± 4.5 | 26.3 ± 5.4 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 14.3 ± 7.2 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 3.4 | 25.1 ± 3.4 |
| Cholesterol | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4.6 ± 0.8 |
| HDL cholesterol | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.4 |
| LDL cholesterol | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.7 |
| Triglycerides | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.7 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mmol/mol (%) | 31.7 ± 2.4 (5.0 ± 0.2) | 62.3 ± 14.8 (7.8 ± 1.3)* |
| 24-h urine sodium (mmol/day) | 155 ± 65 | 150 ± 76 |
| 24-h protein intake (g/kg/day)† | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3* |
| Estradiol (females only) | 226 ± 169 | 217 ± 250 |
| Progesterone (females only) | 3.3 ± 4.2 | 3.1 ± 7.5 |
Values are reported as the mean ± SD, unless otherwise indicated. n, number of participants.
*P < 0.05 vs. HCs.
†24-h protein intake was estimated as follows: ([urine urea × 0.18] + 14)/weight (in kg).