Characteristics of study participants according to the AMY1-AMY2 rs11185098 genotype
| GG (n = 380) | GA (n = 257) | AA (n = 55) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.9 (9.0) | 51.1 (8.8) | 50.0 (10.2) | 0.11 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 145 (38.2) | 106 (41.2) | 18 (32.7) | 0.46 |
| White race, n (%) | 338 (88.9) | 200 (77.8) | 45 (81.8) | <0.001 |
| Low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (yes), n (%) | 190 (50.0) | 131 (51.0) | 27 (49.1) | 0.95 |
| Low-protein diet (yes), n (%) | 194 (51.1) | 130 (50.6) | 26 (47.3) | 0.87 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.5 (3.8) | 32.8 (3.9) | 33.7 (4.1) | 0.04 |
| BW (kg) | 92.8 (15.1) | 93.7 (15.6) | 97.4 (17.8) | 0.07 |
| WC (cm) | 103.1 (12.8) | 104.4 (13.1) | 106.9 (14.1) | 0.03 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120 (13) | 120 (14) | 118 (13) | 0.64 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 (9) | 76 (10) | 75 (9) | 0.71 |
| Antihypertensive medication use (yes) | 105 (27.6) | 81 (31.5) | 18 (32.7) | 0.49 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.2 (0.7) | 5.1 (0.6) | 5.0 (0.5) | 0.03 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 82 (47) | 86 (62) | 96 (53) | 0.16 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.4) | 0.79 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35 (4) | 35 (4) | 35 (4) | — |
| HOMA-IR | 2.8 (1.8) | 2.8 (2.2) | 3.2 (1.9) | 0.4 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.36 (1.02, 2.10) | 1.39 (0.92, 1.89) | 1.47 (1.02, 1.99) | 0.41 |
| Lipid-lowering medication (yes) | 65 (17.1) | 54 (21.0) | 11 (20.0) | 0.45 |
| Body composition† | ||||
| Whole-body fat mass (%) | 37.1 (6.9) | 36.7 (7.0) | 37.1 (6.4) | 0.72 |
| Trunk fat (%) | 38.0 (6.2) | 37.9 (6.1) | 38.4 (6.0) | 0.83 |
| Whole-body total fat mass (kg) | 35.0 (8.1) | 35.3 (7.9) | 36.0 (8.1) | 0.53 |
| Whole-body lean mass (kg) | 59.7 (12.7) | 61.4 (13.1) | 62.0 (15.4) | 0.19 |
| Dietary intake per day* | ||||
| Total energy intake (kcal) | 1,938 (529) | 2,006 (580) | 1,784 (525) | 0.67 |
| Carbohydrate intake (% of total energy intake) | 44.6 (7.7) | 44 (7.7) | 47.4 (6.8) | 0.32 |
| Fat intake (% of total energy intake) | 36.7 (6.0) | 37.7 (6.1) | 35.5 (5.1) | 0.94 |
| Protein intake (% of total energy intake) | 18.3 (3.3) | 18.1 (3.4) | 18.1 (4.1) | 0.75 |
| Biomarkers of adherence | ||||
| Respiratory quotient | 0.84 (0.04) | 0.84 (0.04) | 0.84 (0.04) | 0.14 |
| Urinary nitrogen (mg/day) | 12.2 (4.3) | 12.1 (4.6) | 12.1 (4.6) | 0.75 |
Data are mean (SD) or median (25th, 75th), unless otherwise stated. Data on triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR were log-transformed before analysis.
†Data were available for 211, 135, and 24 individuals across the GG, GA, and AA genotypes, respectively.
*Data were available for 202, 131, and 31 individuals across the GG, GA, and AA genotypes, respectively.