Characteristics of children who progressed from multiple autoantibodies to T1D and those who did not
| Did not progress to T1D | Progressed to T1D | |
|---|---|---|
| Total, n (%) | 222 (54) | 190 (46) |
| Country of residence, n (%) | ||
| U.S. | 82 (59) | 57 (41) |
| Finland | 53 (48) | 57 (52) |
| Germany | 16 (44) | 20 (56) |
| Sweden | 71 (56) | 56 (44) |
| Family history of T1D, n (%) | ||
| GP | 171 (55) | 140 (45) |
| FDR: mother | 12 (50) | 12 (50) |
| FDR: father | 27 (50) | 27 (50) |
| FDR: sibling | 12 (52) | 11 (48) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||
| Female | 88 (49) | 92 (51) |
| Male | 134 (58) | 98 (42) |
| HLA-DR-DQ genotypes, n (%) | ||
| DR3/4 | 121 (52) | 110 (48) |
| DR4/4 | 46 (61) | 30 (39) |
| DR4/8 | 31 (56) | 24 (44) |
| DR3/3 | 16 (53) | 14 (47) |
| FDR specific | 8 (40) | 12 (60) |
| Age at multiple persistent confirmed IA (months), median (IQR) | 48 (31–74) | 21 (15–31) |
| Type of first autoantibody, n (%) | ||
| GADA only | 85 (66) | 43 (34) |
| IAA only | 84 (53) | 76 (47) |
| Two or more autoantibodies | 49 (42) | 68 (58) |
| IA-2A only | 4 (57) | 3 (43) |
FDR-specific HLA-DR-DQ genotypes are DR4/4b, DR4/1, DR4/13, DR4/9, and DR3/9.